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140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue:

A

A group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialised activities

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2
Q

Explain tissue organisation:

A 
Specialised cell ->
Tissue ->
Organ ->
System ->
Organism
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3
Q

Bone is what type of tissue?

A

Hard

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4
Q

Fat is what type of tissue?

A

Semisolid

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5
Q

Blood is what type of tissue?

A

Liquid

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6
Q

What are epithelial tissue cells?

A

Covers body surface and lines hollow organs, cavities, ducts, glands
Act as first line of immunity

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7
Q

What are connective tissue cells?

A

Protect, support and bind organs
Store energy as fat
Major transport system

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8
Q

What are muscular tissue cells?

A

Specialised for contraction and force generation

Generate body heat

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9
Q

What are nervous tissue cells?

A

Detect change in environmental conditions

Respond to changes through electrical signals (action potentials)

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10
Q

What are the 2 basic elements of connective tissue?

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix

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11
Q

What is the Extracellular matrix consisted of?

A

Protein fibres and ground substance

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12
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binds and supports body tissues
Protects and insulates internal organs
Compartmentalize structures, e.g. skeletal muscles
Major transport system (blood)
Stores energy as adipose tissue
Main source of immune response (platelets/ lymph)

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13
Q

What is the suffix for immature cells?

A
  • Blast

e. g. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

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14
Q

What are the function of immature connective cells?

A

Retain the capacity for cell division and secrete extracellular matrix

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15
Q

What produces the extracellular matrix?

A

Immature connective cells secrete the extracellular matrix

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16
Q

What is the suffix for mature cells?

A

-Cyte

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17
Q

When do immature cells differentiate into mature cells?

A

Once the extracellular matrix is secreted

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18
Q

Once an immature connective cell differentiates, what happens to it’s role?

A

It has a reduced capacity for cell division and is mostly involved in maintenance of the matrix

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19
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue cells?

A 
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes / Lipocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Mast cells
Plasma cells
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20
Q

What are the resident connective tissue cells?

A

Fibroblasts

Adipocytes / Lipocytes

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21
Q

What are the fluctuating connective tissue cells?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Mast cells
Plasma cells

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22
Q

What is the function of Adipocytes / Lipocytes?

A

Store and synthesise fats

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23
Q

What is the function of Fibroblasts?

A

Secrete extracellular matrix and active during wound repair

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24
Q

What is the function of Macrophages?

A

Immunity, engulf and digest bacteria / foreign bodies through Phagocytosis

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25
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes?

A

Immunity, migration to sites of parasitic invasion and allergic response

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26
Q

What is the function of Mast cells?

A

Produce histamine (vasodilation), also involved in defence mechanism

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27
Q

What is the function of Plasma cells?

A

Involved in defence mechanism by secreting antibodies

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28
Q

What are the ground substances in the extracellular matrix?

A

The material between the cells and fibres:

  • Fluid
  • Semifluid
  • Gelatinous
  • Calcified
  • Water
  • Combinations of polysaccharides
  • Proteoglycans
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29
Q

What is the role of ground substances in the extracellular matrix?

A

Support cells and provide a medium for substance exchange
Tissue development, migration and proliferation
Mechanical barrier
Presents adhesion proteins (fibronectin)

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30
Q

What are the three main extracellular matrix fibres embedded in the matrix?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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31
Q

Describe collagen fibres present in the extracellular matrix:

A

Very strong to resist pulling forces and allow flexibility
Attracts water to give a cushioning effect
Occurs in parralel bundles

32
Q

Describe elastic fibres present in the extracellular matrix:

A

Smaller diameter than collagen
Branch together to form a network
Consisted of elastin proteins surrounded by fibrillin
Highly elastic and tensile strength also high

33
Q

Describe reticular fibres present in the extracellular matrix:

A

Consists of collagen arranged in branched bundles
Coated in glycoprotein
Supports blood vessel walls and forms network for tissues
Thinner than collagen and immature

34
Q

Where are the collagen fibres of the extracellular matrix found?

A

Bones, Cartilage, Tendons and Ligaments

35
Q

Where are the collagen fibres of the extracellular matrix found?

A

Bones, Cartilage, Tendons and Ligaments

36
Q

Where are the reticular fibres of the extracellular matrix found?

A

Reticular connective tissues of soft tissue organisms, e.g. spleen and lymph nodes

37
Q

What are the three types of mature connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper (loose / dense)
Supportive connective tissue (cartilage / bone)
Liquid connective tissue

38
Q

The extra cellular matrix is what type of mature connective tissue?

A

Liquid connective tissue

39
Q

What are the 5 classifications of mature connective tissue?

A 
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Liquid
40
Q

Give examples of liquid connective tissue?

A

Blood / Lymph

41
Q

Give examples of cartilage connective tissue?

A

Hyaline (end of long bones)
Fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)
Elastic (larynx)

42
Q

Give examples of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar (basically everywhere)
Adipose (basically everywhere)
Reticular (stroma of organs)

43
Q

Give examples of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular (tendons / ligaments / aponeurosis)
Irregular (fascia)
Elastic (lungs / arteries)

44
Q

What are the differences between connective tissues and other tissues?

A 
Do not appear on body surfaces
More vascular (excluding cartilage and tendons)
Supplied with nerves (except cartilage)
Large supply of extracellular material
Widely scattered cells
45
Q

What is meant by avascular and what connective tissue is avascular?

A

Cartilage is avascular

Avascular means having few or no blood vessels

46
Q

What would be considered calcified extracellular matrix?

A

Bone tissue with usually 25% water, 25% collagen fibres and 50% crystallised mineral salts

47
Q

What is the structure of cartilage?

A

A dense network of collagen fibres firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate.

48
Q

What is chondroitin sulfate?

A

A gel like component of the ground substance in cartilage

49
Q

Explain the strength / resilience of cartilage:

A

Can endure considerably high amounts of stress, tensile, compressive and shearing forces due to collagen fibres and chondroitin sulfate

50
Q

Which feature of cartilage gives it resilience and elasticity?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

51
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

Support soft tissues
Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for bones articulating
Enable the growth and development of long bones

52
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fribrocartilage
Elastic

53
Q

Compare the structure of collagen in the different types of cartilage:

A 
Hyaline = Thin collagen fibres
Fribrocartilage = Thick bundles of collagen
Elastic = Threadlike network of elastic collagen fibres
54
Q

Compare the location of cells in the different types of cartilage:

A 
Hyaline = Chondrocytes in lacunae
Fribrocartilage = Chondrocytes scattered amongst thicker bundles of collagen
Elastic = Chondrocytes located in threadlike network
55
Q

Compare the presence of perichondrium in the different types of cartilage:

A 
Hyaline = Most surrounded by perichondrium
Fribrocartilage = Lacks perichondrium
Elastic = Perichondrium present
56
Q

Compare the characteristics of the different types of cartilage:

A

Hyaline =
Fribrocartilage =
Elastic =

57
Q

Compare the relative strength in the different types of cartilage:

A 
Hyaline = Weakest
Fribrocartilage = Strongest
Elastic = Middle
58
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A

Most abundant, provides flexibility and support, at joints reduces friction and absorbs shocks

59
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Strong and rigid

60
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

Gives support and maintains shape (elasticity)

61
Q

Why does cartilage have few blood vessels which form nearby?

A

They secrete an ant antiangiogenesis, this prevents the formation of new blood vessels

62
Q

What is the difference between chondroblasts and chondroblasts?

A 
chondroblasts = immature, produce extracellular matrix
chondroblasts = mature, maintain extracellular matrix
63
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small spaces in the matrix which are occupied by chondrocytes

64
Q

Where is proteoglycan found?

A

Within the ground substance

65
Q

What are proteogylcans?

A

Complex macromolecules, a core protein attached to glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)

66
Q

What is onloading of articular cartilage?

A

Fluid pressure rises immediately - Cartilage gradually deforms - Water moves out

67
Q

What happens after the onloading of articular cartilage?

A

Fluid pressure drops - Cartilage gradually returns to normal shape Water moves back in

68
Q

How does articular cartilage receive its nutrition?

A

Diffusion from underlying subchondral bone, synovial membranes and synovial fluid

69
Q

Which cartilage type is not covered by perichondrium?

A

Articular cartilage

70
Q

What are the two layers of perichondrium?

A

Outer layer: blood vessels and fibroblasts (which produce collagen)
Inner layer: contains undifferentiated cells

71
Q

Describe the quality of healing and repair in cartilage:

A

It is relatively inactive so grows slowly

Has a low ability to regenerate due to avascular nature

72
Q

In adults, damage to cartilage tissue results in the formation of what tissue?

A

Fibrous scar tissue

73
Q

What are the two basic patterns of cartilage growth?

A

Interstitial growth

Appositional growth

74
Q

When does Interstitial growth of cartilage occur?

A

Occurs while the cartilage is young and pliable during childhood and adolescence

75
Q

When does Appositional growth of cartilage occur?

A

Starts later than appositional growth and continues through adolescence

76
Q

Explain the Interstitial growth of cartilage:

A

A rapid size increase due to the division of chondrocytes and continuous deposition of extracellular matrix
Expands like rising bread as chondrocytes are pushed away from each other as they synthesise the new matrix

77
Q

Explain the Appositional growth of cartilage:

A

Growth on the outer surface of the tissue
Cells in the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts
Differentiated cells surround themselves with extracellular matrix and become chondrocytes
Matrix accumulates beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the of the cartilage causing it to increase width

140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice (12 decks)

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