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140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice > Blood, Vessels, Homeostasis, Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Blood, Vessels, Homeostasis, Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation -> O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones
Regulation -> homeostasis of fluids, pH, temp, osmosis
Protection -> blood clotting, white blood cells, antibodies

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2
Q

What is the density of blood in relation to water?

A

Blood is denser than water

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3
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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4
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38°C

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5
Q

Approximately how much blood does a person have in their body?

A

5 litres circulating at any one time

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6
Q

What are the two main components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%) and Formed elements (cells) (45%)

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7
Q

What are the components of blood plasma?

A

Proteins
Water
Other solutes

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8
Q

What are the components of formed elements in the blood?

A

Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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9
Q

What is the role of Albumin proteins in the blood plasma?

A

Maintain colloid osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What is the role of Globulin proteins in the blood plasma?

A

Immunoglobins fight disease

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11
Q

What is the role of Fibrinogen proteins in the blood plasma?

A

Involved in blood clotting

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12
Q

What is the scientific name for red blood cells?

A

Erthrocyte(s)

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13
Q

Describe the shape of erthrocytes:

A 
Biconcave discs
No nucleus
7-8μm diameter
4 polypeptide chains each with an attached haem group
Centre of each haem group is Fe2+
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14
Q

What is the scientific name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocyte(s)

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15
Q

Describe the shape of leucytes:

A

Larger than RBC
Have a nucleus
Various different shapes

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16
Q

What are the different types of leucyte?

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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17
Q

What are the two main types of leucytes?

A

Granular (-phils)

Agranular (-cytes)

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18
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Allergic reaction response and Parasitic infections

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20
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Release histamine

Develop into mast cells

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21
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

Mediate immune response

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22
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

Develop into macrophages

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23
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

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24
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

2-4μm in diameter
Disc shaped
No nucleus

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25
Q

Explain the process of blood clotting:

A

Collagen exposed at site
Vascular spasm, constriction of vessels to reduce blood loss
Platelet plug, bind to collagen and make a temporary seal
Clotting factors (enzymes)

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26
Q

Why may clotting occur in an unbroken vessel (usually a vein)?

A

Roughened endothelial surfaces as a result of atherosclerosis, trauma or infection

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27
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A blood clot in an unbroken vessel

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28
Q

What is a embolus?

A

A thrombus which remains intact and becomes disloged

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29
Q

Why is an embolus in an artery dangerous?

A

It may reduce the blood supply to an organ

30
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

When an embolus lodges into the lungs

31
Q

Define homeostasis:

A

The maintenance of internal conditions by living systems for optimal organism function

32
Q

What regulator mechanisms are involved in homeostasis?

A

Receptor
Control centre
Effector

33
Q

What are haemodynamics?

A

Factors affecting blood flow

34
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood that flows through a given tissue at a given time (mL/min)

35
Q

What is the relationship between the velocity of blood flow and the cross sectional area of a given tissue?

A

Velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area, flow is slow when extensive branching

36
Q

What is the equation for total blood flow?

A

Total blood flow = Cardiac output (CO) - vol. blood circulating systemic blood vessels per minute

37
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

38
Q

Cardiac output (CO) is dependent on 2 factors, what are these?

A

Pressure difference that drives blood through the vessel

Resistance to blood flow

39
Q

What is the stroke volume (SV)?

A

The volume of blood leaving the ventricle in one contraction

40
Q

What is the relationship between size of lumen in a blood vessel and blood flow?

A

Increased size -> increased blood flow

Increased lumen size means less resistance, meaning more blood flow

41
Q

What is the relationship between blood viscosity and blood flow?

A

Increased viscosity -> decreased blood flow

Increased blood viscosity means more resistance, meaning less blood flow

42
Q

What is the relationship between total blood vessel length and blood flow?

A

Longer vessel -> decreased blood flow

Longer length means more resistance, meaning less blood flow

43
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

In the Aorta

44
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

The average pressure flowing through the arteries

45
Q

What is the function of Baroreceptors?

A

Stretch in the vessel walls

46
Q

Where are Baroreceptors located?

A

In the Aorta arch and Carotid sinus

47
Q

Where is the cardiovascular centre (CVC) located?

A

Medulla Oblongarta in the brain

48
Q

What controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation autonomically?

A

The Vasomotor centre (VC), located in the Medulla Oblongarta in the brain

49
Q

What system acts as a control of blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

50
Q

Explain how Baroreceptors control blood pressure?

A

Decreased blood pressure means decreased stretch on blood vessel walls, this means decreased signals sent via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the CVC, less inhibitory signals sent through PNS to SA node, leads to increased HR

51
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood circulated to the lungs

52
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood circulated to the rest of the body (not lungs)

53
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel wall?

A 
Tunica intima (interna)
Tunica media (middle)
Tunica externa (adventitia)
54
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel is an endothelium cell?

A

Tunica intima (interna)

55
Q

Describe the structure of the Tunica intima:

A

Thin flattened cells
A basement membrane
Internal elastic lamina
Smooth

56
Q

What are the functions of the Tunica intima:

A

Reduced friction

Secrete locally acting chemical mediators

57
Q

Describe the structure of the Tunica media:

A

Elastin

Muscle arranged circularly to regulate diameter of blood cells

58
Q

What are the functions of Tunica media:

A

Circular muscle fibres contract and relax to control the diameter, controlled by the SNS

59
Q

Describe the structure of the Tunica externa:

A

Elastic and collagen fibres
Nerves
Anchors in larger vessels

60
Q

Describe the structure of Arteries:

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

61
Q

What are the functions of Arteries?

A

Distribute blood to major organs

62
Q

Describe the structure of Arterioles:

A

Tunica intima

Tunica media

63
Q

What are the functions of Arterioles?

A

Regulate blood flow to tissues and affect blood pressure

64
Q

Describe the structure of Capillaries:

A

Tunica intima

65
Q

What are the functions of Capillaries?

A

Permit exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues

66
Q

Describe the structure of Venules:

A

Tunica intima

Tunica media

67
Q

What are the functions of Venules?

A

Exchange of nutrients and waste

68
Q

Describe the structure of Veins:

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Pocket valves

69
Q

What are the functions of Veins?

A

Blood reservoir bringing blood back to the heart

70
Q

Explain the venous return system of valves:

A

Open to push blood up to the heart and close to prevent backlog of blood due to gravity

71
Q

Explain the venous return system of skeletal muscle pump:

A

Skeletal muscle contraction assists with pumping blood back to the heart

72
Q

Explain the venous return system of respiratory muscle pump:

A

Diaphragm moves down, reduces pressure in thorax increasing pressure in abdominal cavity, compressing veins, moving blood towards the heart

140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice (12 decks)

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