Principles of Epidemiology

Question 1

Eg of rates

Answer 1

Infant mortality rate

Incidence

Question 2

Infant mortality rate formula

Answer 2

(Infant deaths/Live births) X 1000

Question 3

Incidence Formula

Answer 3

New cases/population at risk

Question 4

India’s infant mortality rate

Answer 4

32 per thousand live births

Question 5

Which state has the highest infant mortality rate and how much is it

Answer 5

Madhya Pradesh

48 per thousand live births

Question 6

Which state has the least infant mortality rate and how much is it

Answer 6

Nagaland

4 per thousand live births

Question 7

Examples of ratios

Answer 7

MMR – maternal mortality rate
Sex ratio
odds ratio
Risk ratio

Question 8

Formula of maternal mortality rate

Answer 8

(Maternal deaths/live births) X1,00,000

Question 9

India’s maternal mortality rate

Answer 9

113 per 1,00,000 live births

Question 10

Highest maternal mortality rate in which state and how much is it

Answer 10

Assam

215 per 1,00,000 live births

Question 11

Lowest maternal mortality rate in which state and how much is it

Answer 11

Kerala

43 per 1,00,000 live births

Question 12

Sex ratio formula

Answer 12

Number of females per thousand males

Question 13

Sex ratio of India as of Census 2011

Answer 13

940 females per thousand males

Question 14

What is Prevalence

Answer 14

Proportion of individuals with disease

Question 15

Examples of proportion

Answer 15

Prevalence

Question 16

Mortality indicators Examples

Answer 16

Life expectancy
Crude death rate
Specific death rate
Proportional mortality rate
Case fatality rate

Question 17

What is the life expectancy according to national health profile And what is it in India(?)

Answer 17

68.7 years

Question 18

Crude death rate formula And what is it in India

Answer 18

(Deaths during one year /midyear population) X 1000

6.2 per 1000 mid year population

Question 19

Growth rate formula

Answer 19

Crude birth rate - crude death rate

Question 20

Crude birth rate in India

Answer 20

20 per thousand midyear population

Question 21

Growth rate of India percentage

Answer 21

1.38%
Calculated by CBR - CDR
20-6.2 =13.8 per 1000 midyear population

Question 22

What is population doubling time using growth rate percentage

Answer 22

70/growth rate percentage

Malthusian model

Question 23

What is the limitation of crude death rate

Answer 23

It’s a simplest indication of mortality

It is not age/sex specific

Question 24

What are the specific death rates

Answer 24

Age
Sex
Disease specific

Question 25

Proportional mortality rate formula using TB as an example

Answer 25

Deaths due to TB/total deaths

Question 26

Case fatality rate in terms of survival rate

Answer 26

Case fatality rate (CFR) = 1 - survival rate

Question 27

Case fatality rate of rabies

Answer 27

Hundred percent

Question 28

CF of Covid

Answer 28

1.8–2%

Question 29

What are the morbidity indicators

Answer 29

Incidence | Prevalence

Question 30

What is incidence and its types

Answer 30

New cases with respect to time Types are 1.cumulative incidence 2.incidence density

Question 31

Cumulative incidence formula

Answer 31

(New cases/population at risk) x 100,1000etc

Question 32

Incidence density formula

Answer 32

(New cases/PAR x Time) X 100, 1000 et cetera

Question 33

Point prevalence

Answer 33

Proportion of people with disease at one point of time

Question 34

Formula of Prevalence

Answer 34

Prevalence=Incidents X duration of disease

Question 35

Prevalence is more in communicable or non communicable diseases

Answer 35

Noncommunicable

Question 36

Value of disability weight

Answer 36

0.3

Question 37

MDPI of India

Answer 37

0.123

Question 38

How to calculate YLL

Answer 38

Age at death-standard of life expectancy

Question 39

How to calculate YLD

Answer 39

Number of years lived with disability X disability weight

Question 40

Standard of life expectancy age

Answer 40

83

Question 41

Best indicator for burden

Answer 41

HALE >> DALY