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PHA BLK 3 > Principles of Epidemiology > Flashcards

Principles of Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

define epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution & determinants of health-related events in specific populations
the application of this study is to prevent or control health problems

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2
Q

distribution

A

the frequency and pattern of health-related characteristics and events in a population

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3
Q

what questions should be asked related to “distribution”

A

WHAT is the problem?
WHO does it primarily affect
WHEN does it usually occur?
WHERE does it occur?

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4
Q

define determinants

A

active searches for causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of health related events
answers the HOW & WHY

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5
Q

define populations

A

the total number of inhabitants of a geographic area or the number of persons in a particular group

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6
Q

Epidemiological Triad

A

“epi triad”
shows that disease results from the interaction between the agent and the host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host

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7
Q

define agent

A

an infectious pathogen whose presence or excessive presence is essential for the occurrence of a disease

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8
Q

define host

A

a person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions

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9
Q

define environment

A

extrinsic factors that affect an agent and the opportunity for exposure

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10
Q

define epidemic (outbreak)

A

OBSERVED is greater than what is EXPECTED

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11
Q

define endemic

A

CONSTANT presence of an agent to health condition within a geographic area or population

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12
Q

define pandemic

A

an epidemic occurring over a widespread area

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13
Q

define emerging disease

A

appears in a population/specific area for the first time

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14
Q

define re-emerging disease

A

present and increasing in a location that was or considered eradicated or controlled

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15
Q

what are some factors in disease emergence (global importance)?

A

societal events
tourism/migration
food supply
environment
human behavior

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16
Q

what are some factors in disease emergence (DoD importance)?

A

deployments
proximity
CBRNE threat

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17
Q

what is the bottom line for emerging disease?

A

emerging infectious diseases are a significant threat to global and national security

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18
Q

what are the three key prevention strategies of the DoD?

A

DoD Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance and Response System (DoD-GEIS)
Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE)
DoD Immunization Program

19
Q

DoD-GEIS

A

surveillance response

20
Q

ESSENCE

A

early detection

21
Q

DoD Immunization Program

A

vaccines

22
Q

define descriptive epidemiology

A

the organization of data for analysis according to epidemiological variables

23
Q

what are the most useful variables?

A

person, place, and time

24
Q

list host factors

A

age
gender
race/ethnic origin
behaviors
Socioeconomic status

25
Q

what is the most useful host factor?

A

age

26
Q

what does organizing & analyzing data by PLACE do

A

gain insight into the geographical extent of the problem

27
Q

what does organizing & analyzing data by TIME do

A

tracks disease rates that change over a period of time

28
Q

what are characteristics of an epidemiological investigations

A

action oriented
main goal being to solve a pressing public health problem

29
Q

what is the primary reason for an epidemiological investigation

A

to control the outbreak at hand and prevent future outbreaks

30
Q

what are preliminary questions to ask during an investigation?

A

WHO is sick?
WHAT are their symptoms?
WHEN did they become sick?
WHERE could they have been exposed to the infectious agent?

31
Q

what are the 13 epidemiological investigation steps?

A

STEP 1: Prepare for Field Work
STEP 2: Establish the Existence of an Outbreak
STEP 3: Verify the Diagnosis
STEP 4: Construct a Working Case Definition
STEP 5: Find Cases Systematically
STEP 6: Perform Descriptive Epidemiology
STEP 7: Develop Hypothesis
STEP 8: Evaluate Hypothesis through Analytic Epidemiology
STEP 9: Reconsider, Refine, and Re-Evaluate Hypothesis
STEP 10: Compare and Reconcile with Laboratory and/or Environmental Studies
STEP 11: Implement Control and Preventative Measures
STEP 12: Maintain Surveillance
STEP 13: Communicate Findings

32
Q

describe step 1 of the epidemiological investigation

A

research the disease
assemble team
gather medical supplies/equipment

33
Q

describe step 2 of the epidemiological investigation

A

does the observed number of cases exceed the expected number (O>E)

34
Q

describe step 3 of the epidemiological investigation

A

ensure problem is properly diagnosed

35
Q

describe step 4 of the epidemiological investigation

A

Case- an individual that is identified having a particular disease, injury, or other health conditions
Primary case- person responsible for transmitting the infectious agent to others
Secondary case- person who subsequently contracts the infection
how a person should be classified as having the disease

36
Q

describe step 5 of the epidemiological investigation

A

look for additional cases

37
Q

describe step 6 of the epidemiological investigation

A

characterize an outbreak by person, place, and time

38
Q

describe step 7 of the epidemiological investigation

A

explain HOW and WHY the outbreak most likely occurred

39
Q

describe step 8 of the epidemiological investigation

A

evaluate the credibility of the hypothesis

40
Q

analytic epidemiology

A

used when the cause is less clear

41
Q

cohort studies

A

compares groups of people who have been exposed/who have not been exposed

42
Q

case-control studies

A

compare people with a disease/without the disease

43
Q

describe step 13 of the epidemiological investigation

A

oral briefing
written briefing

PHA BLK 3 (9 decks)

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