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Medical Physiology > Principles of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what hormones have the same alpha subunit (dimeric glycoprotein)

A
  1. FSH
  2. TSH
  3. LH
  4. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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2
Q

response time of the endocrine system

A

slow and long lasting (minutes to days)

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3
Q

response time of the nervous system

A

rapid and brief (msec)

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4
Q

response specificity of endocrine system

A

widespread responses with specific receptors on many targets

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5
Q

response specificity of nervous system

A

have precise local targets and enzymes stop the signal

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6
Q

what does the liver contribute endocrinologically

A

angiotensinogen and IGF-1

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7
Q

classes of hormones

A
  1. peptides/proteins
  2. catecholamines/indoleamines
  3. thyroid hormones
  4. steroids (and vitamin D)
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8
Q

what is the fate of hormones through the system

A
  1. once released, travels either bound or unbound via blood and binds (in its free state) to receptor in or on target cells.
    then, unbound hormone degrades and is excreted via urine or bile or recycled.
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9
Q

solubility of peptides

A

water soluble

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10
Q

biosynthesis of peptides

A

made in prepro or pro hormone states, where the active form is not produced until it’s at the target

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11
Q

storage of peptides

A

substantial

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12
Q

binding proteins with peptides?

A

rare

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13
Q

half life of peptides

A

short (minutes)

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14
Q

peptide receptors location

A

plasma membrane

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15
Q

describe the steps of peptide synthesis

A
  1. DNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
  2. mRNA is translated in the ribosomes
  3. the preprohormones travel to the ER for cleavage.
  4. prohormones are modified in the golgi apparatus.
  5. hormone is placed in secretory vesicles for fast release.
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16
Q

what is the most common post-production modification done to peptide?

A

glycosylation

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17
Q

examples of hormones/peptides that are exocytosed?

A

Ach, GABA, oxytocin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin, substance P, glutamate, glycine, NO

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18
Q

solubility of catecholamines/indoleamines

A

water soluble

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19
Q

biosynthesis of catecholamines

A

enzymatic pathway

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20
Q

storage of catecholamines?

A

substantial

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21
Q

binding proteins of catecholamines?

A

rare

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22
Q

half life of catecholamines

A

very short (seconds)

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23
Q

catecholamine receptor location

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

what is serotonin

A

indoleamine

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25
what is histamine
imidazoleamine
26
what is melatonin
indoleamine
27
what are the catecholamines?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
28
solubility of thyroid hormones
lipid soluble
29
biosynthesis of thyroid hormones
enzymatic pathway
30
storage of thyroid hormones
substantial (in colloids)
31
binding proteins of thyroid hormones?
yes
32
half life of thyroid hormones
very long (days_
33
thyroid hormone receptor location
nucleus
34
where is calcitonin made?
parafollicular cells of the thyroid
35
where is T3 and T4 made
follicular cells of the thyroid
36
where is PTH made
chief cells of parathyroid gland
37
what is thyroglobulin
precursor to monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)
38
what makes up T4
have 2 DIT
39
what makes up T3
have 1 DIT 1 MIT
40
what is the source of catecholamines and thyroid hormones?
tyrosine
41
solubility of steroids
lipid soluble
42
biosynthesis of steroids
enzymatic pathway
43
storage of steroids
minimal produced, so no storage | made PRN
44
binding proteins for steroids
yes
45
half life of steroids?
long (hours)
46
steroid receptor location
intracellular, nuclear
47
what receptor is associated with catecholamines/peptide hormones?
tyrosine kinase activity
48
which hormones use g protein coupled receptors?
``` ACTH FSH LH PTH TSH glucagon insulin epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine ```
49
what stops the cAMP cascade?
phosphodiesterase
50
what substances are associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ? (RTK)
growth factors or cytokines, then can activated multiple events after binding
51
what is signal amplification
some hormones are potent despite low plasma concentrations, so activate many enzyme molecules
52
mechanism of ACTH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
53
mechanism of LH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
54
mechanism of FSH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)q
55
mechanism of TSH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
56
mechanism of ADH (V2 receptor in kidney)
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
57
mechanism of MSH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
58
mechanism of CRH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
59
mechanism of calcitonin
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
60
mechanism of PTH
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
61
mechanism of glucagon
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
62
mechanism of beta1 and beta2 receptors (adrenergic)
adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)
63
mechanism of GHRH
both adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP) and phospholipase C mechanism (IP3, Ca) (depends on tissue and receptor)
64
mechanism of GnRH
phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)
65
mechanism of TRH
phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)
66
mechanism of angiotensin II
phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)
67
mechanism of ADH v1 receptor (BV)
phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)
68
mechanism of oxytocin
phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)
69
mechanism of alpha 1 receptors
phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)
70
mechanism of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
steroid hormone mechanism
71
mechanism of estrogen
steroid hormone mechanism
72
mechanism of progesterone
steroid hormone mechanism
73
mechanism of testosterone
steroid hormone mechanism
74
mechanism of aldosterone
steroid hormone mechanism
75
mechanism of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
steroid hormone mechanism
76
mechanism of thyroid hormones
steroid hormone mechanism
77
mechanism of insulin
tyrosine kinase mechanism
78
mechanism of IGF-1
tyrosine kinase mechanism
79
mechanism of ANP
guanylate cyclase mechanism (cGMP)
80
mechanism of endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF)
guanylate cyclase mechanism (cGMP)
81
mechanism of NO
guanylate cyclase mechanism (cGMP)
82
what is up-regulation
hormone increases the total number of receptors or increases sensitivity of receptor OR not undergo degradation and rebind to other receptors
83
what is downregulation
hormone decreases total number of receptors it can bind to or decreases sensitivity of receptor
84
mechanisms of degradation
1. proteolysis 2. oxidation/reduction 3. hydroxylation 4. decarboxylation 5. methylation
85
how are peptides degraded
proteolysis or decarboxylation or hydroxylation
86
what is proteolysis
breakdown of proteins/peptides
87
what is redox
loss or gain of electrons that change chemistry, bioactivity, receptor recognition
88
what is hydroxylation
addition of OH group to decrease steroids or proteins
89
what is decarboxylation
removal of COOH to decrease peptides or proteins
90
what is methylation
addition of CH3 to downregulate DNA gene expression
91
how are hormones eliminated
conjugated with glucuronic acid that passes through glomerular filtration membrane (urine) or sulfate (bile)

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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