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Medical Physiology > Principles of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what hormones have the same alpha subunit (dimeric glycoprotein)

A
  1. FSH
  2. TSH
  3. LH
  4. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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2
Q

response time of the endocrine system

A

slow and long lasting (minutes to days)

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3
Q

response time of the nervous system

A

rapid and brief (msec)

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4
Q

response specificity of endocrine system

A

widespread responses with specific receptors on many targets

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5
Q

response specificity of nervous system

A

have precise local targets and enzymes stop the signal

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6
Q

what does the liver contribute endocrinologically

A

angiotensinogen and IGF-1

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7
Q

classes of hormones

A
  1. peptides/proteins
  2. catecholamines/indoleamines
  3. thyroid hormones
  4. steroids (and vitamin D)
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8
Q

what is the fate of hormones through the system

A
  1. once released, travels either bound or unbound via blood and binds (in its free state) to receptor in or on target cells.
    then, unbound hormone degrades and is excreted via urine or bile or recycled.
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9
Q

solubility of peptides

A

water soluble

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10
Q

biosynthesis of peptides

A

made in prepro or pro hormone states, where the active form is not produced until it’s at the target

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11
Q

storage of peptides

A

substantial

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12
Q

binding proteins with peptides?

A

rare

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13
Q

half life of peptides

A

short (minutes)

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14
Q

peptide receptors location

A

plasma membrane

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15
Q

describe the steps of peptide synthesis

A
  1. DNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
  2. mRNA is translated in the ribosomes
  3. the preprohormones travel to the ER for cleavage.
  4. prohormones are modified in the golgi apparatus.
  5. hormone is placed in secretory vesicles for fast release.
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16
Q

what is the most common post-production modification done to peptide?

A

glycosylation

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17
Q

examples of hormones/peptides that are exocytosed?

A

Ach, GABA, oxytocin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin, substance P, glutamate, glycine, NO

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18
Q

solubility of catecholamines/indoleamines

A

water soluble

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19
Q

biosynthesis of catecholamines

A

enzymatic pathway

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20
Q

storage of catecholamines?

A

substantial

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21
Q

binding proteins of catecholamines?

A

rare

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22
Q

half life of catecholamines

A

very short (seconds)

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23
Q

catecholamine receptor location

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

what is serotonin

A

indoleamine

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25
Q

what is histamine

A

imidazoleamine

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26
Q

what is melatonin

A

indoleamine

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27
Q

what are the catecholamines?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

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28
Q

solubility of thyroid hormones

A

lipid soluble

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29
Q

biosynthesis of thyroid hormones

A

enzymatic pathway

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30
Q

storage of thyroid hormones

A

substantial (in colloids)

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31
Q

binding proteins of thyroid hormones?

A

yes

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32
Q

half life of thyroid hormones

A

very long (days_

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33
Q

thyroid hormone receptor location

A

nucleus

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34
Q

where is calcitonin made?

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid

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35
Q

where is T3 and T4 made

A

follicular cells of the thyroid

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36
Q

where is PTH made

A

chief cells of parathyroid gland

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37
Q

what is thyroglobulin

A

precursor to monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)

38
Q

what makes up T4

A

have 2 DIT

39
Q

what makes up T3

A

have 1 DIT 1 MIT

40
Q

what is the source of catecholamines and thyroid hormones?

A

tyrosine

41
Q

solubility of steroids

A

lipid soluble

42
Q

biosynthesis of steroids

A

enzymatic pathway

43
Q

storage of steroids

A

minimal produced, so no storage

made PRN

44
Q

binding proteins for steroids

A

yes

45
Q

half life of steroids?

A

long (hours)

46
Q

steroid receptor location

A

intracellular, nuclear

47
Q

what receptor is associated with catecholamines/peptide hormones?

A

tyrosine kinase activity

48
Q

which hormones use g protein coupled receptors?

A 
ACTH
FSH
LH
PTH
TSH
glucagon 
insulin 
epinephrine 
norepinephrine 
dopamine
49
Q

what stops the cAMP cascade?

A

phosphodiesterase

50
Q

what substances are associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ? (RTK)

A

growth factors or cytokines, then can activated multiple events after binding

51
Q

what is signal amplification

A

some hormones are potent despite low plasma concentrations, so activate many enzyme molecules

52
Q

mechanism of ACTH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

53
Q

mechanism of LH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

54
Q

mechanism of FSH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)q

55
Q

mechanism of TSH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

56
Q

mechanism of ADH (V2 receptor in kidney)

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

57
Q

mechanism of MSH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

58
Q

mechanism of CRH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

59
Q

mechanism of calcitonin

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

60
Q

mechanism of PTH

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

61
Q

mechanism of glucagon

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

62
Q

mechanism of beta1 and beta2 receptors (adrenergic)

A

adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP)

63
Q

mechanism of GHRH

A

both adenyl cyclase mechanism (cAMP) and phospholipase C mechanism (IP3, Ca)
(depends on tissue and receptor)

64
Q

mechanism of GnRH

A

phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)

65
Q

mechanism of TRH

A

phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)

66
Q

mechanism of angiotensin II

A

phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)

67
Q

mechanism of ADH v1 receptor (BV)

A

phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)

68
Q

mechanism of oxytocin

A

phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)

69
Q

mechanism of alpha 1 receptors

A

phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/Ca2)

70
Q

mechanism of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

steroid hormone mechanism

71
Q

mechanism of estrogen

A

steroid hormone mechanism

72
Q

mechanism of progesterone

A

steroid hormone mechanism

73
Q

mechanism of testosterone

A

steroid hormone mechanism

74
Q

mechanism of aldosterone

A

steroid hormone mechanism

75
Q

mechanism of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

steroid hormone mechanism

76
Q

mechanism of thyroid hormones

A

steroid hormone mechanism

77
Q

mechanism of insulin

A

tyrosine kinase mechanism

78
Q

mechanism of IGF-1

A

tyrosine kinase mechanism

79
Q

mechanism of ANP

A

guanylate cyclase mechanism (cGMP)

80
Q

mechanism of endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF)

A

guanylate cyclase mechanism (cGMP)

81
Q

mechanism of NO

A

guanylate cyclase mechanism (cGMP)

82
Q

what is up-regulation

A

hormone increases the total number of receptors or increases sensitivity of receptor OR not undergo degradation and rebind to other receptors

83
Q

what is downregulation

A

hormone decreases total number of receptors it can bind to or decreases sensitivity of receptor

84
Q

mechanisms of degradation

A
  1. proteolysis
  2. oxidation/reduction
  3. hydroxylation
  4. decarboxylation
  5. methylation
85
Q

how are peptides degraded

A

proteolysis or decarboxylation or hydroxylation

86
Q

what is proteolysis

A

breakdown of proteins/peptides

87
Q

what is redox

A

loss or gain of electrons that change chemistry, bioactivity, receptor recognition

88
Q

what is hydroxylation

A

addition of OH group to decrease steroids or proteins

89
Q

what is decarboxylation

A

removal of COOH to decrease peptides or proteins

90
Q

what is methylation

A

addition of CH3 to downregulate DNA gene expression

91
Q

how are hormones eliminated

A

conjugated with glucuronic acid that passes through glomerular filtration membrane (urine) or sulfate (bile)

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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