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Medical Physiology > Adrenal Cortex: Mineralocorticoids > Flashcards

Adrenal Cortex: Mineralocorticoids Flashcards

1
Q

what releases CRH

A

paraventricular nuclei

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2
Q

what innervation does the adrenal gland have

A

only sympathetic innervation

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3
Q

what products are made from POMC

A

ACTH, gamma lipotropin, beta endorphin, MSH

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4
Q

what stimulates ACTH

A
  1. decreased blood cortisol
  2. sleep-wake transition
  3. stress, hypoglycemia, surgery, trauma)
  4. psychiatric disorders
  5. ADH (aldosterone)
  6. alpha adrenergic agonists
  7. beta adrenergic antagonists
  8. serotonin
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5
Q

what inhibits ACTH

A
  1. increased blood cortisol levels
  2. opioids
  3. somatostatin
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6
Q

what occurs once ACTH binds to receptor

A

cAMP increases

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7
Q

what causes the immediate response to ACTH

A

steroidogensis activator peptide

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8
Q

what is the immediate response to ACTH

A
  1. increased cholesterol esterase
  2. decreased cholesterol ester synthase
  3. increased cholesterol transport into mitochondria
  4. increased cholesterol binding to P450
  5. increased pregnenolone production
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9
Q

what causes the subsequent response to ACTH

A

steroid hormone inducing protein

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10
Q

what is the subsequent response to ACTH

A

increased gene transcription of P450scc, c17, c11 and LCL receptor (cholesterol capturing to transport into cells)

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11
Q

what causes the long term response to ACTH

A

IGF-2

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12
Q

what is the long term response to ACTH

A
  1. increased size and functional complexity of organelles and increased size and number of cells
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13
Q

what turns cholesterol into pregnenolone

A

P450scc

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14
Q

what turns pregnenolone into progesterone

A

3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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15
Q

what turns pregnenolone and into 17a hydroxypregnenolone

A

17alpha hydroxylase

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16
Q

what turns progesterone into deoxycorticosterone?

A

21-hydroxylase

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17
Q

what turns progesterone into 17a hydroxy progesterone?

A

17a-hydroxylase

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18
Q

what turns 17a hydroxy progesterone into 11-deoxycortisol

A

21 hydroxylase

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19
Q

what turns 17ahydroxypregnenolone into DHEA

A

17.20 lyase

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20
Q

what turns 17a hydroxyprogesterone into androstendione

A

17.20 lyase

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21
Q

what turns deoxycorticosterone into corticosterone

A

11beta hydroxylase

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22
Q

what turns 11 deoxycortisol into cortisol

A

11beta hydroxylase

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23
Q

what turns corticosterone into aldosterone

A

aldosterone synthase

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24
Q

what turns androstenedione into estrone

A

aromatase

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25
what turns androstenedione into testosterone
17beta HSD
26
what turne DHEA into androstenediol
17beta HSD
27
what turns DHEA into androstenedione
3beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
28
what turns testosterone into dihydrotestosterone
5a reductase
29
what turns testosterone into estradiol
aromatase
30
what is total cholesterol for low heart disease risk
less than 200
31
LDL for low heart disease risk
less than 130
32
HDL for low heart disease risk
more than 60
33
TG for low heart disease risk
less than 150
34
what makes glucocorticoids
zona fasiculata
35
what makes mineralocorticoids
zona glomerulosa
36
what makes the androgens
zona reticularis
37
how do LDL particles get into the cell
absorbed into the cytoplasm via receptor mediated endocytosis
38
how many carbons on estrogens
18
39
how many carbons testosterone/androgens
19
40
what are the 21 carbon steroids
progesterone, aldosterone, cortisone
41
where is the OH group on glucocorticoids
carbon 11
42
what if there is an OH group at carbon 17?
steroid will be involved in electrolyte activity
43
what if there is an aldehyde (CHO) at carbon 18?
steroid is a potent mineralcorticoid
44
what is the most potent naturally occuring mineralcorticoid in humans
aldosterone
45
where is aldosterone metabolized
liver
46
what is transcortin?
transporter that 17% of aldosterone binds to, also corticosterone, progesterone and some testosterone and estradiol
47
how does aldosterone circulate?
17% binds to transcortin | 47% is bound to albumin
48
half life of aldosterone
20min aka long
49
what promotes aldosterone synthase activity
angiotensin II
50
what is the transitional enzyme from mineralocorticoid to glucocorticoid
17alpha hydroxylase
51
what is the transitional enzyme from glucocorticoid to androgen
17.20 lyase
52
what is the transitional enzyme from androgen to estrogen?
aromatase
53
what is the transitional enzyme from androgen to DHT?
5a reductase
54
describe the steps of aldosterone release
cholesterol comes into the plasma membrane via LDL receptor mediated endocytosis-->acetyl coa binds to cholesterol to make vacuole or go into mitochondria-->cholesterol made into 5 pregnenolone by mitochondrial P450 enzymes-->pregnenolone goes to ER to be make into progesterone by 3betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase -->progesterone made into 11 deoxycorticosterone by 21 hydroxylase -->11 deoxycorticosterone goes back to mito to be made into corticosterone by 11beta hydroxylase and then aldosterone by aldosterone synthase-->freely passes out of the cell
55
what stimulates aldosterone release
1. ACTH 2. increase K in blood 3. RAAS
56
what does aldosterone do on the late distal tubule and collecting ducts (principal cells)
1. increases reabsorption of NaCl by increasing ENaC channels 2. increase K secretion by increasing K channels
57
what does aldosterone do on the late DCT and collecting ducts? (alpha intercalated cells)
1. increase reabsorption of K by increasing H-K ATPase | 2. increase secretion of H by increasing H ATPase
58
what does aldosterone do in the kidneys?
increase K secretion, Na reabsorption, and H secretion
59
what does binding of aldosterone stimulate
1. production of ENac channels (Na) 2. production of Na/K ATPase 3. production of mitochondrial enzymes to man the Na/K ATPase
60
where does aldosterone act
DCT and Collecting duct
61
where are the ENaC channels
apical
62
where are the Na/K ATPase
basolateral
63
net effect of aldosterone
increased urine K and decreased urine Na, decreased plasma K and increased plasma Na leads to increased ECF and increased BP
64
what is the effect of angiotensin II on adrenal glomerulosa cells
binds to Gq triggers PLC-->IP3 binds to SR-->releases Ca DAG and Ca activate PKC-->P Proteins-->increase cholesterol into the mito-->pregnenolone-->smooth ER-->progesterone-->11deoxycorticosterone-->back to mito-->aldosterone then released
65
what does hypoaldosteronism cause
hyperkalemia (little K excretion) --- decreased Na and Cl resorption and increased water loss, decrease in ECF, CO and BP -- hypovolemic shock. also decreased H and K excretion, acidosis. also causes partial depolarization
66
what does hyperaldosteronism cause
hypokalemia (too much K excretion) -- muscle weakness bc cell hyperpolarized, increased Na and Cl resorption causes increased plasma osmolarity, thrist, water resorption, intake and increased ECF -- increased BP and alkalosis (increases H pumps out)
67
EKG changes with hypokalemia
1. slightly peaked P wave 2. slightly prolonged PR interval 3. ST depression 4. shallow T wave 5. prominent U wave
68
what pattern occurs with hyperkalemia
sine wave pattern, decreased strength of myocardial AP cannot fully depolarize
69
what occurs with acidosis
H+ in blood, go into cell, K out of cell--hypokalemia--hyperpolarized RMP, difficult to stimulate, CNS depression, confusion, disorientation, coma
70
what occurs with alkalosis
decreased H in blood, H into blood K into cell-->hyperkalemia-->depolarized RMP, nerves overstimulated->spasms, tetany, convulsions, respiratory paralysis

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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