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Medical Physiology > Hypothalamic Adenohypophyseal Axis > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Adenohypophyseal Axis Flashcards

1
Q

What produces GH

A

Somatotrophs

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2
Q

2nd msgr gonadotroph

A

PLC

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3
Q

2nd msgr thyrotroph

A

PLC

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4
Q

Corticotroph 2nd messenger

A

AC

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5
Q

somatotroph 2nd messenger

A

AC

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6
Q

lactotroph 2nd messenger

A

decrease AC, increase K, decrease Ca

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7
Q

what are the catecholamines

A

dopamine, epi, norepi

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8
Q

what hormones are cleaved from POMC mRNA?

A

ACTH and MSH; also beta endorphin and beta lipotropin

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9
Q

what is secreted from the arcuate nucleus

A

MSH, dopamine, GHRH, somatostatin

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10
Q

what is secreted from supraoptic nucleus

A

oxytocin, ADH (mostly)

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11
Q

what is secreted from preoptic nucleus

A

GnRH

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12
Q

what is secreted from periventricular nucleus

A

somatostatin

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13
Q

what is secreted from paraventricular nucleus

A

oxytocin (mostly), ADH, TRH, CRH

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14
Q

what do beta endorphins do

A 
systemically reduce stress and maintain homeostasis
locally amygdala (memory, emotion, pain perception) and hypothalamus (homeostasis)
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15
Q

what is substance P

A

neurotransmitter involved in pain responses

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16
Q

what are endorphins

A

released by the pituitary gland in order to block pain perception

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17
Q

what do endorphins bind to

A

bind to opiate receptors located on the presynaptic membrane and block the release of substance P

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18
Q

what causes release of melanin

A

melanocytes are stimulated by MSH (facilitated by UV light)

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19
Q

what is released by the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH/MSH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin

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20
Q

what cells release TSH

A

thyrotrophs

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21
Q

what cells release FSH and LH

A

gonadotrophs

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22
Q

what cells release GH

A

somatotrophs

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23
Q

what cells release prolactin

A

lactotrophs

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24
Q

what cells release POMC hormones

A

corticotrophs

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25
cell type majority in anterior pituitary
somatotrophs -- GH
26
metabolism of growth hormone
liver
27
metabolism of prolactin
kidney
28
primary function of GH
systemic increase in body weight, size, length, protein synthesis, mitosis
29
half life of GH
10min is 1-5ng/ml unbound
30
half life of prolactin
15-20min, 10ng/ml unbound
31
primary function of prolactin
milk synthesis, breast development, osmoregulation, poss carb metabolism
32
when is GH released
primarily at night, rhythmically
33
what stimulates GH?
GHRH 1. hypoglycemia 2. decrease in FFA 3. increase in arginine 4. fasting or decreased calories 5. ghrelin 6. REM sleep 7. stress/exercise 8. puberty 9. sex hormones (testosterone)
34
what inhibits GH
GHIH 1. hyperglycemia 2. increase in FFA 3. increase in GH 4. increase in somatostatin that is from the anterior pituitary
35
how does GHRH stimulate GH release
binds to Gs, stimulates AC, increase cAMP, stimulate PKA, P proteins stimulate GH mRNA, GH released
36
how does GHIH inhibit GH release
GHIH binds to Gi which inhibits AC
37
what regulates growth hormone secretion?
1. negative feedback from GHRH to hypothalamus 2. negative feedback from somatomedins (insulin like GF) to anterior pituitary 3. positive signal from somatomedins to hypothalamus to release somatostatin 4. positive signal from GH to hypothalamus to release somatostatin
38
what hormone is secreted by the liver?
insulin like growth factor (IGF) is stimulated by GH and released by the liver
39
describe the IGF receptor
85% similar to insulin receptor, is a tyrosine kinase domain
40
what is the growth hormone signal transduction pathway
tyrosine kinase JAK STAT MAPK pathway
41
action of GH on liver
liver to produce somatomedins (IGF) to 1. cartilage and bone (growth) 2. muscle and other organs (protein synthesis and growth)
42
action of GH on adipose
lipolysis and release of FFA
43
does GH directly act on bone and muscle/organs?
indirectly through liver
44
action of GH on most other tissues
decreased glucose utilization
45
what occurs with hyposecretion of GH
before puberty: pituitary dwarfism | unrelated to GH: non pituitary dwarfism
46
what occurs with hypersecretion of GH
before puberty: gigantism | after: acromegaly
47
what occurs in achondroplasia?
fibroblast growth factor receptor problem -- cannot contribute to production of collagen, short bone and cartilage
48
what occurs in laron dwarfism
GH receptor mutation
49
what is the blood response to insulin
decreased blood glucose, FFA, AA
50
blood response to glucagon
increased blood glucose and FFA, decreased AA (kinda)
51
blood response to GH
1. increased blood glucose (decreased organ utilization) 2. increased FFA (increased lipolysis and increased release of FFA from adipose) 3. decreased AA (increased protein synthesis and growth)
52
which hormones use AC and cAMP?
1. ACTH 2. LH 3. FSH 4. TSH 5. ADH (v2) 6. hCG 7. MSH 8. CRH 9. calcitonin 10. PTH 11. glucagon 12. beta 1 and 2 receptors 13. GHRH (both cAMP and IP3/DAG)
53
which hormones use IP3/PLC
1. GnRH 2. TRH 3. GHRH (both cAMP and IP3/DAG) 4. angiotensin II 5. ADH (v1) 6. oxytocin 7. alpha 1 receptors
54
which hormones use steroid hormone mechanism?
1. glucocorticoids 2. estrogen 3. progesterone 4. testosterone 5. aldosterone 6. 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol 7. thyroid hormones
55
what hormones use tyrosine kinase mechanism?
1. insulin | 2. IGF-1
56
what hormones use cGMP
1. ANP 2. endothelial derived relaxing factor 3. NO
57
when is prolactin released?
all during the night
58
what stimulates prolactin
pregnancy, estrogen, nursing, TRH (pharmacological dose), dopamine antagonist **no true hypothalamic stimulator of prolactin
59
what inhibits prolactin
dopamine (PIH), dopamine agonists, GHIH, GnRH associated peptide (GAP), prolactin
60
what does dopamine do with prolactin
lowers cAMP and Calcium
61
how is prolactin regulated
prolactin directly stimulates release of dopamine from hypothalamus which inhibits its release from AP. TRH positively affects prolactin release.
62
trace the stimulus of suckling to lactation
1. suckling starts. is sensed. 2. sensory info sent to hypothalamus 3. hypothalamus releases oxytocin to PP, prolactin to AP. 4. oxytocin causes milk ejection 5. prolactin causes milk production
63
how does prolactin cause milk production
binds to receptor that causes cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase chain. impacts mRNA synthesis that makes enzymes for lactose synthesis, enzymes for lipid synthesis, and casein.
64
describe hyposecretion of prolactin
hypolactogenesis | difficulty producing milk
65
what happens in hypersecretion of prolactin
1. amenorrhea 2. galactorrhea (milk flow not associated with childbirth/nursing) 3. witch's milk - milk excreted from infant
66
what could cause galactorrhea?
elevated TSH or TRH

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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