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Medical Physiology > Adrenal Medulla: catecholamines > Flashcards

Adrenal Medulla: catecholamines Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is catecholamine release associated with

A

cortisol

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2
Q

what catecholamine is mostly in blood

A

norepinephrine

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3
Q

what catecholamine is mostly in the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

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4
Q

primary action of dopamine

A

neurotransmitter - very little in plasma

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5
Q

how are catecholamines metabolized

A

adrenal medulla (recycled), CNS, liver, and kidneys

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6
Q

4 stimuli of catecholamine

A

fight, flight, fear, reproduction

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7
Q

how is epi released

A

sympathetic nerve stimulates adrenal medulla via Ach to release epi to act on distant target cells

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8
Q

how is norepi released

A

sympathetic nerve stimulates Ach at the needed area to release norepi for action on target cells at point of release

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9
Q

how is tyrosine made into L dopa

A

tyrosine hydroxylase with copper cofactor (O2, NADH tetrahydropteridine

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10
Q

how is L dopa made into dopamine

A

L-aromatic AA decarboxylase and pyridoxal phosphate

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11
Q

how is dopamine made into norepi

A

dopamine beta hydroxylase, O2, NADH or NADPH

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12
Q

how is norepi made into epi

A

SAM and phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase

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13
Q

what stimulates dopamine formation into norepi

A

sympathetic activity

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14
Q

what stimulates norepi formation into epi

A

cortisol

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15
Q

what inhibits tyrosine formation into L dopa

A

negative sympathetic feedback and small negative feedback from norepi

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16
Q

where is epi made

A

cytoplasma of chromaffin cells

17
Q

how is catecholamine release acutely regulated

A

Ach binding to adrenal medulla chromaffin cell triggers Ca cascade which promotes exocytosis of epinephrine from secretory granules

18
Q

how is catecholamine release chronically regulated

A

stress triggers hypothalamus to release ACTH which releases cortisol. cortisol induces PNMT (enzyme) and SAM to convert norepi to epi. epi is packaged in neurosecretory granules and released

19
Q

what adrenergic receptor dilates pupil

A

alpha

20
Q

adrenergic receptor activates salivary glands

A

beta 1

21
Q

adrenergic receptor increases HR and contractility

A

beta 1

22
Q

adrenergic receptor dilates airways

A

beta2

23
Q

adrenergic receptor decreases motility

A

alpha2

24
Q

adrenergic receptor decreases motility

A

alpha 2 and beta 2

25
Q

adrenergic receptor increases sphincter contraction

A

alpha 1

26
Q

adrenergic receptor for ejaculation

A

alpha

27
Q

2nd msgr alpha 1 adrenergic

A

IP3

28
Q

2nd msg alpha 2 adrenergic

A

cAMP

29
Q

how do a1 and a2 receptors differ

A

if a1 is triggered, increase IP3 to increase Ca in the cell to cause smooth muscle contraction and gland cell secretion (cutaneous and GI vasoconstiction, urethral sphincter contraction)

if a2 is triggered, cAMP reduces and inhibits the cell

30
Q

inhibitory or excitatory alpha receptros

A

usually excitatory

31
Q

inhibitory of excitatory beta receptors

A

inhibitory

32
Q

2nd msgr beta receptors

A

all act through cAMP through different effects and tissues

33
Q

what if beta1 receptor triggered

A

cardiac muscle stimulated and increased tissue metabolism

34
Q

beta2 receptor triggered

A

relaxation of muscle in respiratory passages and in blood vessels of skeletal muscle

if camp increase, constriction of gut sphincter
if decrease, muscle vessel dilation and detrusor relaxation

35
Q

beta 3 receptor triggered

A

release of FA by adipose tissue for metabolic use in other tissues

36
Q

what degrades catecholamines

A

monoamine oxidase and other stuff

37
Q

what is the final metabolic product of catecholamine breakdown?

A

regardless of degradation pathway, is vanillymandelic acid (VMA)

38
Q

plasma profile epinephrine

A

increase glucose, increase FFA, not much change of AA

39
Q

how is a2 receptor special

A

only one that inhibits (decrease cAMP and inhibit cell activity)

Medical Physiology (21 decks)

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