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Reese > Principles of Biology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Principles of Biology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of biological organization? (in order from broadest to most specific)

A

The Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communities, Populations, Organisms, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water; functions to disassemble polymers to monomers

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3
Q

a pentose sugar is a

A

5 carbon sugar (EX: ribose C5H10O5)

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4
Q

a hexose sugar is a

A

6 carbon sugar

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5
Q

what is a glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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6
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

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7
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars. Have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH 2 O

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8
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

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9
Q

what are the 7 functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl.

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10
Q

what is the chemical symbol for a hydroxyl group?

A

-OH

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11
Q

what are the traits of a hydroxyl group?

A

they are polar due to electronegative Oxygen. they form hydrogen bonds with water (hydrophilic)

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12
Q

what’s the chemical symbol for a carbonyl group?

A
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13
Q

what are the traits of a carbonyl group?

A

sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses. Ketones are within a carbon skeleton while aldehydes are at the end of the carbon skeleton.

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14
Q

what’s the chemical symbol for an Amino group?

A

-NH2

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15
Q

what are the traits of an amino group?

A

acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from surrounding solution (water in living organisms)

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16
Q

What is the chemical symbol for a sulfhydryl group?

A

-SH

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17
Q

What are four ways that carbon skeletons can vary?

A

length, branching, double bond position, and the presence of rings

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18
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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19
Q

what is an Isomer

A

one of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of isomers

A

structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, enantiomers

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21
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

these isomers differ in the covalent arrangement of their carbon skeletons

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22
Q

what is a cis-trans isomer

A

these isomers differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

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23
Q

what is an enantiomer

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

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24
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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25
Q

what is a monomer?

A

the repeating units that serve as building blocks

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26
Q

what are classifications for monosaccharides based on?

A

the location of the carbonyl group (C=O) Aldose and Ketose; the number of carbons

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27
Q

4 examples of monosaccharides

A

Fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose

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28
Q

3 examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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29
Q

what two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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30
Q

what two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

31
Q

what two monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

32
Q

what is a use of disaccharides?

A

short-term energy storage

33
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

a type of strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

34
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

when amino acids are linked by covalent bonds

35
Q

What is the construction (polymer, monomer) of a protein and what are they bonded by

A

polymer: polypeptide. monomer: amino acid. bonded by peptide bonds.

36
Q

what is the skeletal makeup of a steroid

A

a set of 4 fused carbon rings

37
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

38
Q

Nucleic acids main functions

A

storing genetic information

39
Q

structure of a nucleic acid (polymer, monomer)

A

polymer: nucleic acid chain, polynucleotides. monomer: nucleotides

40
Q

bond between nucleotides (between the phosphate group and 5-carbon sugar)

A

phosphodiester bond

41
Q

3 part of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base

42
Q

what is the 5 carbon sugar for DNA

A

deoxyribose

43
Q

what is the 5 carbon sugar for RNA

A

ribose

44
Q

What are the 3 types of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), ATP

45
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

A, G, C, and T

46
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA

A

A, G, C, and U

47
Q

___ bonds will form between the A, T, G, and C bases.

A

hydrogen bonds will form between the bases (A & T 2 bonds, G& C 3 bonds; U doesn’t bond with anything, RNA is single stranded)

48
Q

Of the 4 bases in DNA, which pair with which and how many bonds are between each?

A

A and T have a double bond; G and C have a triple bond

49
Q

DNA runs in a _____ sequence

A

anti-parallel

50
Q

If a strand of a nucleic acid ends in sugar its _____, if it ends in phosphate its ____

A

ends in sugar, 3 prime; ends in phosphate, 5 prime

51
Q

RNA is a ____ stranded nucleic acid

A

single

52
Q

function of an ATP molecule

A

act as energy carriers

53
Q

a phosphodiester bond is between

A

a phosphate group covalently links the sugars of two nucleotides

54
Q

RNA is ___ stranded, DNA is ___ stranded

A

RNA: single stranded; DNA: double stranded

55
Q

what bond allows glycerol and fatty acids to link

A

Ester linkage

56
Q

what are the 5 types of lipids

A

oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

57
Q

phospholipids are… (structure)?

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attach to glycerol

58
Q

what does steroids carbon skeletons consist of

A

4 fused carbon rings

59
Q

what is an amphipathic molecule

A

a molecule with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)

60
Q

structure/construction of a carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

61
Q

what type of molecule is this? (bonus points if u cant guess the exact one lol)

A

a monosaccharide, specifically a fructose molecule

62
Q

characteristics of lipids

A

made up of C, H, and O; long chains of nonpolar hydrocarbons; hydrophobic

63
Q

what is this (hint: two separate molecules)

A

A phosphate group head and fatty acid tail

64
Q

what type of molecule is this?

A

a fat molecule

65
Q

what type of molecule is this? (bonus if u guess exact one)

A

a steroid, specifically cholesterol

66
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid?

A

an amino acid is made up of an amino group (left side), a carboxyl group (right side), and an R group (on top)

67
Q

what is the structure of a protein? (primary, tertiary, etc)

A

Primary structure: amino acid chain by peptide bonds
Secondary structure: helices and pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary structure: complex foldings of chains
Quaternary structure: multiple tertiary proteins

68
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins is determined by ____, which includes…

A

interactions between R groups;
1) hydrogen bonds
2) ionic bonds
3) hydrophobic interactions
4) disulfide bridges

69
Q

what does chaperonin do

A

assist in the proper folding of other proteins

70
Q

what is denaturation?

A

the loss of a protein’s native structure

71
Q

what is gene expression?

A

when DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis

72
Q

what type of molecule is this?

A

a nucleotide

73
Q

what is this?

A

a nucleic acid (string of nucleotides bonded by phosphodiester bonds)

Reese (10 decks)

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