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Reese > Principles of Biology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Principles of Biology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of biological organization? (in order from broadest to most specific)

A

The Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communities, Populations, Organisms, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules by the addition of water; functions to disassemble polymers to monomers

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3
Q

a pentose sugar is a

A

5 carbon sugar (EX: ribose C5H10O5)

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4
Q

a hexose sugar is a

A

6 carbon sugar

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5
Q

what is a glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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6
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

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7
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars. Have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH 2 O

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8
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

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9
Q

what are the 7 functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl.

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10
Q

what is the chemical symbol for a hydroxyl group?

A

-OH

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11
Q

what are the traits of a hydroxyl group?

A

they are polar due to electronegative Oxygen. they form hydrogen bonds with water (hydrophilic)

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12
Q

what’s the chemical symbol for a carbonyl group?

A
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13
Q

what are the traits of a carbonyl group?

A

sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses. Ketones are within a carbon skeleton while aldehydes are at the end of the carbon skeleton.

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14
Q

what’s the chemical symbol for an Amino group?

A

-NH2

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15
Q

what are the traits of an amino group?

A

acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from surrounding solution (water in living organisms)

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16
Q

What is the chemical symbol for a sulfhydryl group?

A

-SH

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17
Q

What are four ways that carbon skeletons can vary?

A

length, branching, double bond position, and the presence of rings

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18
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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19
Q

what is an Isomer

A

one of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of isomers

A

structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, enantiomers

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21
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

these isomers differ in the covalent arrangement of their carbon skeletons

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22
Q

what is a cis-trans isomer

A

these isomers differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

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23
Q

what is an enantiomer

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

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24
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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25
what is a monomer?
the repeating units that serve as building blocks
26
what are classifications for monosaccharides based on?
the location of the carbonyl group (C=O) Aldose and Ketose; the number of carbons
27
4 examples of monosaccharides
Fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose
28
3 examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
29
what two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
glucose + fructose
30
what two monosaccharides make up lactose?
glucose + galactose
31
what two monosaccharides make up maltose?
glucose + glucose
32
what is a use of disaccharides?
short-term energy storage
33
what is a covalent bond
a type of strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
34
what is a peptide bond?
when amino acids are linked by covalent bonds
35
What is the construction (polymer, monomer) of a protein and what are they bonded by
polymer: polypeptide. monomer: amino acid. bonded by peptide bonds.
36
what is the skeletal makeup of a steroid
a set of 4 fused carbon rings
37
What is dehydration synthesis?
occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
38
Nucleic acids main functions
storing genetic information
39
structure of a nucleic acid (polymer, monomer)
polymer: nucleic acid chain, polynucleotides. monomer: nucleotides
40
bond between nucleotides (between the phosphate group and 5-carbon sugar)
phosphodiester bond
41
3 part of a nucleotide
phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base
42
what is the 5 carbon sugar for DNA
deoxyribose
43
what is the 5 carbon sugar for RNA
ribose
44
What are the 3 types of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), ATP
45
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA
A, G, C, and T
46
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA
A, G, C, and U
47
___ bonds will form between the A, T, G, and C bases.
hydrogen bonds will form between the bases (A & T 2 bonds, G& C 3 bonds; U doesn't bond with anything, RNA is single stranded)
48
Of the 4 bases in DNA, which pair with which and how many bonds are between each?
A and T have a double bond; G and C have a triple bond
49
DNA runs in a _____ sequence
anti-parallel
50
If a strand of a nucleic acid ends in sugar its _____, if it ends in phosphate its ____
ends in sugar, 3 prime; ends in phosphate, 5 prime
51
RNA is a ____ stranded nucleic acid
single
52
function of an ATP molecule
act as energy carriers
53
a phosphodiester bond is between
a phosphate group covalently links the sugars of two nucleotides
54
RNA is ___ stranded, DNA is ___ stranded
RNA: single stranded; DNA: double stranded
55
what bond allows glycerol and fatty acids to link
Ester linkage
56
what are the 5 types of lipids
oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids
57
phospholipids are... (structure)?
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attach to glycerol
58
what does steroids carbon skeletons consist of
4 fused carbon rings
59
what is an amphipathic molecule
a molecule with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
60
structure/construction of a carbohydrate
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
61
what type of molecule is this? (bonus points if u cant guess the exact one lol)
a monosaccharide, specifically a fructose molecule
62
characteristics of lipids
made up of C, H, and O; long chains of nonpolar hydrocarbons; hydrophobic
63
what is this (hint: two separate molecules)
A phosphate group head and fatty acid tail
64
what type of molecule is this?
a fat molecule
65
what type of molecule is this? (bonus if u guess exact one)
a steroid, specifically cholesterol
66
what is the structure of an amino acid?
an amino acid is made up of an amino group (left side), a carboxyl group (right side), and an R group (on top)
67
what is the structure of a protein? (primary, tertiary, etc)
Primary structure: amino acid chain by peptide bonds Secondary structure: helices and pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds) Tertiary structure: complex foldings of chains Quaternary structure: multiple tertiary proteins
68
Tertiary structure of proteins is determined by ____, which includes...
interactions between R groups; 1) hydrogen bonds 2) ionic bonds 3) hydrophobic interactions 4) disulfide bridges
69
what does chaperonin do
assist in the proper folding of other proteins
70
what is denaturation?
the loss of a protein's native structure
71
what is gene expression?
when DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
72
what type of molecule is this?
a nucleotide
73
what is this?
a nucleic acid (string of nucleotides bonded by phosphodiester bonds)

Reese (10 decks)

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