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Reese > Biology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a Diploid cell

A

a diploid cell has two complete sets (2n)

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2
Q

Describe a Haploid cell

A

a haploid cell has one set (n); has no homologous pairs

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3
Q

what are polypoid cells

A

extra sets; common in plants

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4
Q

n= __ ;2n= __

A

n= gametic # of chromosomes
2n= chromosomes in total in somatic cell

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5
Q

What is a zygote

A

A fertilized egg

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6
Q

What stage of meiosis is this?

A

Meiosis, prophase 1

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7
Q

What is hybridization

A

the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.

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8
Q

what is true-breeding

A

referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.

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9
Q

What is the P generation

A

the true-breeding (homozygous) parents from which the F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. (P=parental)

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10
Q

What is the F1 generation

A

The first filial (son/offspring), hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.

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11
Q

What is the F2 generation

A

the offspring resulting from interbreeding (self-polination) of the hybrid F1 generation

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12
Q

What is epistasis?

A

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene. Think the lab coat colors, 9:3:4

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13
Q

Define Character vs Trait

A

Character: the physical characteristic (hair color). Trait: the genetic trait defined within the allele (blond hair, brown hair, etc.)

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14
Q

what is a gene

A

unit of heredity; encodes the characteristics that determines a phenotype

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15
Q

what are alleles

A

alternate versions of the same gene at the same locus (in homologous pair).

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16
Q

define phenotype

A

appearance or characteristic of an organism = physical traits (yellow seeds)

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17
Q

define genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism, determines phenotype = genetic makeup (eg Yy).

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18
Q

Homozygous vs heterozygous

A

Homo: both homologous chromosomes carry SAME ALLELE (YY or yy)
Hetero: two homologous chromosomes carry DIFFERENT ALLELES (Yy)

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19
Q

what is genetic mapping

A

placement of a gene into a position in a linkage group.

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20
Q

What occurs in interphase

A

the cell grows; in preparation for cell division, the chromosomes are duplicated, with the genetic material (DNA) copied precisely

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21
Q

what occurs in mitosis?

A

the chromosome copies are separated from each other and moved to opposite ends of the cell

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22
Q

what occurs in cytokinesis?

A

the cell divides into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.

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23
Q

what are the key functions of cell division

A

asexual reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal

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24
Q

define/what are sister chromatids

A

two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere

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25
Q

Name the the DNA levels of organization DNA from smallest to largest

A

Nucleosomes, packed nucleosomes, looped domains, condensed chromatin, condensed chromosome

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26
Q

DNA backbone consists of nucleotides linked by a __, ___, ________ linkage

A

3’-5’, Phosphodiester linkage

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27
Q

adenine and thymine form a ____ bond

A

double

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28
Q

cytosine and guanine form a ____ bond

A

triple

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29
Q

the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid during

A

meiosis

30
Q

what nucleotide replaces thymine in RNA

A

Uracil

31
Q

what is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

A

primase begins the synthesis of the RNA primer for the fifth Okazaki fragment

32
Q

function of the telomere in DNA replication

A

to protect important genetic info, prevent gene shortening, avoid cell shut down.

33
Q

what is the function of helicase in DNA replication?

A

Helicase unwinds the parental double helix

34
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

“C-rules”: A=T, G=C

35
Q

in mitosis, we start with a ____ cell

A

diploid (2n); this is equal to 46 chromosomes

36
Q

mitosis involves the division of _____, meiosis is the division of ____ cells

A

cells within our body, sex

37
Q

Meiosis starts with a ____ cell, which duplicates and becomes 2 ____ cells

A

diploid (2n) cell = 46 chromosomes, haploid (n) = 32 chromosomes.

38
Q

Meiosis ends with ______ cells

A

4 haploid daughter cells

39
Q

Mitosis is a _____, while meiosis is not, and ends with ____

A

cycle; gametes

40
Q

What occurs in G1 of interphase?

A

G1 is the growth phase of the cell cycle.

41
Q

What occurs in the S phase of interphase?

A

the synthesis of the cell cycle; when DNA is replicated

42
Q

What occurs in G2 of interphase?

A

G2 is the second growth phase of the cell cycle; consists of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

43
Q

interphase accounts for about _____ of the cell cycle

A

90%

44
Q

What occurs during Prophase? (mitosis)

A

the nucleoli disappear, the mitotic spindle begins to form, the nuclear envelope disappears, the centrosomes begin to move away from each other (centrosomes are where the microtubules are forming from),

45
Q

what occurs during prometaphase? (mitosis)

A

the nuclear envelope has disassembled, a kinetochore has formed at each centromere (this is how the microtubules attach to the sister chromatids and pull them apart later on)

46
Q

what occurs in metaphase? (mitosis)

A

the centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell, the chromosomes have all arrived at the metaphase plate, all of the kinetochore microtubules are connected to the kinetochores.

47
Q

what occurs during Anaphase? (mitosis)

A

(this is the shortest phase) the sister chromatids/daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

48
Q

What occurs during Telophase & Cytokinesis? (mitosis)

A

the two daughter nuclei form in the cell, nuclear envelopes begin to form from the fragments of the parent cell’s nuclear envelope, microtubules are completely depolymerized. Cytokinesis: formation of cleavage furrow, division of the cytoplasm to form the separate cells (pinches the cell in two).

49
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase 1 of meiosis

50
Q

What occurs during Prophase I? (meiosis)

A

nuclear envelope begins to disappear, centrosomes start developing the mitotic spindle, the homologous pairs line up next to each other, crossing over has occurred (the chiasma is the point where it occurred),

51
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I? (meiosis)

A

nuclear envelope is gone, centrosomes have moved to opposite sides of the cell, the pairs of homologous chromosomes are now arranged at the metaphase plate, the, the microtubules have attached to the kinetochores at the centromeres of the chromosomes

52
Q

What occurs in Anaphase I? (meiosis)

A

homologous pairs are pulled apart while the chromatids stay with their sister chromatids

53
Q

What occurs during Telophase I & Cytokinesis?

A

each half of the cell has a complete haploid sets of duplicated chromosomes (each still consisting of two sister chromatids, nuclear envelope is forming, cleavage furrow forms, cell divides into two haploid cells, these two cells begin to undergo MEIOSIS II.

54
Q

What occurs during Prophase II? (meiosis II)

A

nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate once again, spindle apparatus forms. In LATE prophase 2, kinetochores form, microtubules attach to them, chromosomes are pulled towards metaphase II plate

55
Q

What occurs during Metaphase II? (meiosis II)

A

(same as metaphase I). chromosomes are positioned at metaphase plate, the kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules.

56
Q

What occurs during Anaphase II? (meiosis II)

A

The SISTER CHROMATIDS are separated and pulled towards opposing ends of the cell. Each chromatid has now become an individual chromosome

57
Q

What occurs during Telophase II & Cytokinesis? (meiosis II)

A

nuclei form, meiotic division of one parent cell produces FOUR daughter cells (each with haploid set of chromosomes), the cells are genetically unique. Cytokinesis: The cleavage furrow formed, separating the new cells.

58
Q

What is the typical ratio result for a dihybrid cross? (give an example of the parental genotypes)

A

9:3:3:1
YyRr x YyRr

59
Q

define pleiotropy (give ex)

A

when one gene affects other phenotypic traits (ex: albinism effects hair color, eye color, etc.)

60
Q

define polygenic inheritance (give ex)

A

two or more genes affecting the same characteristic (height is effected by multiple genes)

61
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

A=T; C=G

62
Q

What are the proteins involved with DNA replication

A

Helicase, SSB proteins, Primase, DNA polymerase III, Topoisomerase, DNA Ligase, DNA polymerase I

63
Q

what is the function of Helicase in DNA replication?

A

untwists and separates the parents strands

64
Q

what is the function of SSBPs in DNA replication?

A

hold DNA strands apart

65
Q

what is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

A

synthesizes RNA primer

66
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication?

A

adds DNA nucleotides to new strands

67
Q

what is the function of Topoisomerase in DNA replication?

A

they relieve strain caused by unwinding

68
Q

what is the function of DNA Ligase in DNA replication?

A

joins DNA fragments together

69
Q

what is the function of DNA Polymerase I in DNA replication

A

removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

70
Q

Define Pyrimidine vs Purine

A

Pyrimidine: nitrogenous base w/ single ring
Purine: nitrogenous base w/ two rings

71
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidine and which are purine

A

Purine: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine: Thymine and Cytosine

72
Q

label the DNA replication fork

A

(and remember topoisomerase at the beginning)

Reese (10 decks)

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