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Pharmacology > Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy > Flashcards

Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Clindamycin may cause a superinfection of Clostridium difficile, resulting in this condition:

A

Pseumembranous colitis

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2
Q

Targets of antimicrobials unique to microorganisms?

A

Cell wall enzymes
Bacterial ribosomes
Enzymes required for DNA synthesis and reproduction

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3
Q

Examples of drugs with a postantibiotic effect?

A

Aminoglycosides
Streptogamins
Quinolones

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4
Q

This drug targets TB active in macrophages:

A

Pyrazinamide

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5
Q

This drug targets TB inside cavitary lesions:

A

Streptomycin

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6
Q

These drugs targes TB inside marcophages, cavitary lesions and caseations:

A

Isoniazid and Rifampicin

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7
Q

Gram-type with high LPA, periplasmic space, and absent teichoic acids:

A

Gram Negative

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8
Q

Examples of virulence factors:

A

Pili
Certain K antigen types
Secretion of hemolysin and colicin V

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9
Q

This type of H. influenzae is more virulent than other strains

A

Haemophilus infulenzae

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10
Q

This type of Pneumococci is more virulent that other strains:

A

Encapsulated Pneumococci

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11
Q

This bacterial proteins have enzymatic activity that facilitate local tissue spread:

A 
Protease
Hyaluronidase
Neuraminidase
Elastase
Collagenase
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12
Q

These organisms are capable of traversing intact eukaryotic cells:

A

Shigella flexneri

Yersinia enteroclitica

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13
Q

Acetyltransferases inactivate these drugs:

A

Chloramphenicol

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14
Q

Kinases and other enzymes inactivate these drugs:

A

Aminoglycosides

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15
Q

Antimicrobials contraindicated in patients with GP6D deficiency

A 
Quinolones
Sulfonamides and Sulfones
Chloramphenicol
Chloroquines
Furazolidone
Diaminopyrimidines
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16
Q

Drugs affected by variations in acetylation (fast and slow):

A

Isoniazid, Dapsone

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17
Q

These drugs may cause neural tube defects in babies:

A

Sulfonamides and sulfas prevent folic acid formation

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18
Q

This class of cellular structures are used to make small molecules like AA, nucleotides, and folate:

A

Class II

19
Q

This class of cellular structures build larger molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and peptidoglycans:

A

Class III

20
Q

These drugs are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis:

A 
Beta Lactams
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Vancomycin
Imidazoles
21
Q

These drugs inhibit the 50S Ribosomal RNA subunit:

A 
Macrolides (Erythromycin)
Chloramphenicol
Fusidic Acid
Lincosamides (23s RNA)
Oxazolidinones (23s RNA)
22
Q

These drugs inhibit the 30s Ribosomal RNA subunit:

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracycline

23
Q

These drugs inhibit DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme:

A

Quinolones

Rifampicin

24
Q

These drugs weaken the cell membrane:

A

Polymixin (anti-fungal)
Imidazoles
Polyene antibiotics like Nystatin and Amphothericin

25
Q

This is an example of an antimetabolite drug:

A

Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole)

26
Q

These are nucleic acid analogues:

A

Ziduvidine
Ganciclovir
Acyclovir
Vidarabine

27
Q

Microbicidal drugs:

A 
Beta Lactams
Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
Rifampicin
Polypeptides
Vancomycin
28
Q

Microbiostatic drugs:

A 
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Sulfonamides
Linsosamides
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim
29
Q

Drugs with a narrow spectrum:

A 
Penicillin G
Aztreonam
Vancomycin
Trimethoprim
3rd Gen Cephalosporins
Anti-staphylococcal penicillins
30
Q

Drugs with an intermediate spectrum:

A

Aminoglycosides
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Sulfonamides

31
Q

Drugs with a broad spectrum:

A 
Aminopenicillins
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
2nd Gen Cephalosporins
Imipenem
32
Q

Nephrotoxic drugs:

A 
Aminoglycosides
Polymixin
Vancomycin
Cephaloridine
Tetracycline
33
Q

Ototoxic drugs:

A

Aminoglycosides
Marcrolides
Vancomycin

34
Q

Hepatotoxic drugs:

A 
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Isoniazid
Tetracycline
Erythromycin estolate
35
Q

Hematologically toxic drugs:

A

Chloramphenicol

Sulfonamides

36
Q

Neurotoxic drugs:

A

Aminoglycosides

Beta Lactams

37
Q

Combinations with an extended antimicrobial spectrum:

A

Beta lactam + aminoglycosides
Penicillin + streptomycin
Amphotericin + flucytosine

38
Q

Reasons for antimicrobial failure:

A 
Incorrect spectrum
Inadequate coverage
Inadequate blood levels
Poor tissue penetration
Drug-drug interaction
39
Q

Some unusual pathogens:

A

Legionella
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Chlamydia

40
Q

Drug resistance is commonly acquired through not mutation but:

A

Horizontal transfer through transduction, transformation, and conjugation

41
Q

Mutation for resistance to streptomycin:

A

ribosomal mutation

42
Q

Mutation for resistance to quinolones:

A

gyrase or topoisomerase IV mutation

43
Q

Mutation for resistance to rifampin:

A

RNA polymerase mutation

44
Q

Mutation for resistance to linezolid:

A

ribosomal RNA mutation

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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