Principles And Theories Of Learning And Performance Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning?
•cognitive
•associative
•autonomous
What is a cognitive phase learner?
Initial phase of learning process dealing w/ lots of info from visual demonstrations and verbal instructions to supplement it- emphasis on learning to internalise it and allow a mental picture to be formed as they go through mental trial and error; performers attention being directed to aspects of the skill- selective attention
What are the problems they may face and what are the solutions? What type of feedback do they require?
> Problems
•an overload of info
•difficulty w/ selective attention
•understanding the language
•complexity of demonstrations
solutions
•keep language simple/clear/concise
•accurate demonstration of skill
•physical manipulation/ manual guidance
•extrinsic, knowledge of results, and positive feedback
What is an associative learner?
Practise phase in which some never leave and all revisit at some time; performer is familiarising themself w/ sequence of subroutines; motor programmes are developed and stored in long term memory; fundamentals of skill are being mastered; skills practised in a variety of conditions; gross error deduction and corrections being practised; feedback is used and becomes more detailed- starting to use intrinsic feedback in form of proprioception and kinaesthesia
What is an autonomous phase learner? What does their concentration focus on?
Performer has quick reaction time and skill is performed without stress, information is easily processed and skill can be adapted to meet a variety of conditions; the skill is automatic and little conscious control is needed
Performers concentration moves onto:
•environmental cues: tactics and strategies, self correction and evaluation, mental rehearsal to combat arousel, stress-management techniques, personal motivation
What is a learning plateau?
Period during performance when there are no signs of improvement, performer does not appear to be getting any better at doing the task
What is the learning curve? What are the 5 different stages?
Graphic illustration of how rate of learning will vary over time
1)beginning=curve will dip as performer is new to the task and in cognitive stage of learning; trial and error and subroutines being worked out
2)rapid acceleration in learning=as mastery is taking place, success provides motivation and reinforcement
3)plateau=no improvement in rate of learning
4)towards end=performance will dip due to reasons later said
5)drop in performance= drive reduction
What causes a plateau?
•lack of motivation=lack of incentive and extrinsic rewards
•boredom=repetitive nature of closed skills can lead to boredom
•coaching=incorrect practise methods or issuing wrong instructions
•limit of ability=reached limit of potential
•targets set too low=task does not allow learner to use full range of skills
•fatigue=continuous use of muscles- fatigue
How could you overcome a plateau?
1)task could be extended so new challenges, targets, goals are given
2)player could find a new coach
3)coach could offer more practise+reinforcement
4)distributed practise to avoid fatigue
5)more variety could be given to task
6)explain concept of plateau so performer could avoid it
7)player gets feedback to increase standard of performance
What are the names of the 4 types of learning theories? And the people who created them?
•social development theory/constructivism(vgotsky)
•observational learning(bandura)
•operant conditioning(thorndike)
•cognitive theory/ wholeness and insight theory(gestalt)
What are the 2 types of learning within the social development theory/ constructivism?
•key is the interaction with others
>intra-psychological learning=once advice has been taken in learning takes place and they use cognitive aspects to construct actions based on what they have learned
>inter-psychological learning=coaches-teachers known as more knowledgable other, that may give examples and advice and demonstrating values and actions that could be adopted
What is the zone of proximal development in social development theory/ constructivism? What are the 3 stages?
The zone of proximal development is learning being constructed in stages, and will use 3 stages to build their learning and assess what they need to improve:
1)what can I do alone? What part of the skill do I currently possess?=build on what you know
2)what can I do with help? What can others do to help?=generating more power in a shot by pulling leg back further
3)what can I not do yet? What do I need to learn to enable progress to occur?=generating more power, distance and accuracy
What are the 6 stages in observational learning?
1)demonstration= succinct, easy for performer to see, clear in terms of type and amount of info
2)attention= motivation necessary, demonstrator as role model/ significant other
3)retention= performer needs cognitive ability to retain info
4)motor reproduction=performer must have physical capability of reproducing movement
5)motivation= ideally performer is intrinsically motivated/ coach provides form of extrinsic motivation
6)matching performance=performer reproduces correct movement that should be replication of demo
What are the 6 factors that influence the performer in observational learning?
•ability level of performer/demonstrator
•status of person doing demo
•relevance of demo to performer
•level of motivation of performer
•degree of difficulty of skill
•level of self confidence of performer
>if these elements are lacking in any way than likelihood of performer copying the movement lessens so learning is less likely to take place
What is operant conditioning?
Process by which desired response is reinforced and so developed, the focus is on the relationship between the response and the reward w/ stimulus being less important, it is the environment that is manipulated to produce new behaviour and is based on trial and error learning
