Memory Models, Theories And Anticipation

Question 1

What are the 3 stages to the decision making model?

Answer 1

Input -> decision-making -> output
(And then feedback)

Question 2

What is input?

Answer 2

Performer uses senses to pick up information from the sporting environment or display

Question 3

What are the 5 senses? Which ones are external and internal? Name examples

Answer 3

-senses used to collect information are collectively known as the receptor system:
>external
•sight=performer picks up visual cues e.g flight of the ball
•auditory=picks up info from listening e.g call from teammate, whistle
>internal
•touch=performer feels as they perform e.g grip of racquet
•proprioception=performers body is in a stable position ready to perform e.g taking penalty, batsman ready to talk a shot
•kinaesthesia=performer receives info about position and orientation of the body, senses within muscles relay info about muscle tension e.g gymnasts position of feet without seeing them

Question 4

What are the 3 aspects during decision-making?

Answer 4

•perception
•selective attention
•detection, comparison and recognition(DCR)

Question 5

What is perception?

Answer 5

Performer interprets the info received and thinks about what to do based upon that info- the problem is the sheer volume of info and so then selective attention takes place

Question 6

What is selective attention? What can it help to do?

Answer 6

Process by which the most relevant info to performer is passed onto the short term memory(STM) whilst the rest is ignored
>it can help to:
•speed up reaction time
•improves chances of decision made being correct
•the detailed aspects of the skill become more refined
•it helps the process by limiting the info into STM

Question 7

How could a coach help the process of selective attention?

Answer 7

> a coach could help by:
•make stimuli stand out
•improves motivation helps process e.g using rewards, positive comments
•quality of instruction needs to be emotionally charged
•direct attention to one or two key points at a time, so performer isn’t overloaded
•teach performer how to focus and concentrate on important cues

Question 8

What is detection, comparison and recognition(DCR)?

Answer 8

•detection=the information has been picked up
•comparison=information is matched with that which is already in the memory system
•recognition=information is used to identify an appropriate response

> perception converts the information into an image that can be sent to memory for comparison, linked to past experiences and actions- these actions are stored as motor programmes and the most appropriate one of these is picked out and acted upon

Question 9

What is output?

Answer 9

At this part the effector mechanisms(CNS) transmits this info to the muscles so they can perform the action- as the action is being performed feedback is used to assess performance and once action is completed further feedback assess the outcome

Question 10

What are the 7 different stages in whiting’s info processing model?

Answer 10

•input data from display
•receptor systems
•perceptual mechanisms
•translatory mechanisms
•effector mechanisms
•muscular system
•feedback data

Question 11

What is input data from display?
What is receptor systems?

Answer 11

1)input data from display=the display is everything that the performer sees, hears and feels(info from environment)
2)receptor systems=the 5 main senses used by the performer: visual, auditory, kinaesthesia, balance(proprioception) and touch

Question 12

What are perceptual mechanisms?
What are translatory mechanisms?

Answer 12

•perceptual mechanisms=player detects the host of the info picked up by the receptors and ensures it is filtered into relevant and irrelevant info by process of selective attention
•translatory mechanisms=player will compare the relevant info picked up from perception to an action that is stored in the long term memory- comparison and recognition

Question 13

What are perceptual mechanisms?
What are translatory mechanisms?

Answer 13

•perceptual mechanisms=player detects the host of the info picked up by the receptors and ensures it is filtered into relevant and irrelevant info by process of selective attention
•translatory mechanisms=player will compare the relevant info picked up from perception to an action that is stored in the long term memory- comparison and recognition

Question 14

What are the effector mechanisms?
What are the muscular systems?

Answer 14

•effector mechanisms=delivers the coded impulse to the relevant muscle system needed to perform the skill
•muscular systems=picks up the impulse and begin to contact

Question 15

What is feedback?

Answer 15

Either intrinsic, in the form of kinaesthesia or proprioception, or extrinsic, in the form of visual/auditory- as part of knowledge of results

Question 16

What is reaction time?

Answer 16

Interval between the onset of the stimulus and initiation of response

Question 17

What are the 2 types of reaction time?

Answer 17

•simple=there is 1 possible stimulus and 1 possible response e.g whistle in a game of football, starters pistol
•choice=may be 1 set of stimuli and a choice of responses, or a multiple number of stimuli and a choice of responses

Question 18

What is movement time?

Answer 18

Time between start and finish response

Question 19

What is response time?

Answer 19

Reaction + movement times

Question 20

What are the factors affecting the length of the reaction time?

Answer 20

•probability of stimulus occurring(decreases) e.g knowing starter pistol will go off
•existence of warning signals(decreases) e.g where eyes are looking
•anticipation(decreases/increases) e.g preparing to initiate movement but could get it wrong
•previous experience I.e autonomous learner(decreases)
•age I.e older=slow(increases)(but does have more experience)
•gender(males=quicker)
•intensity of stimulus I.e louder (decreases)
•number of choice(more choices=slower)

Question 21

How could the performer decrease the length of the reaction time?

Answer 21

•mental rehearsal
•concentration and focus during the game to pick stimuli up quicker
•practise to a specific stimulus
•physical fitness- better speed and power decreases RT
•anticipation

Question 22

What is the psychological refractory period? Name examples

Answer 22

When the performer has detected a stimulus and is processing this information, and a second stimulus comes along, the performer is unable to attend to and process the second stimuli until they have finished processing the first- time it takes to clear info from response to first stimuli e.g fake and drive in basketball, dummy in rugby, step over in football, fake pass etc

Question 23

What is the single channel hypothesis?

Answer 23

The connection between STM and LTM is one way, thus info going from STM to LTM prevents info travelling the other way and vice versa

Question 24

What is Hicks law?

Answer 24

This law states that choice reaction time will increase as the number of stimulus response choices increases( graph can gain 3 marks: one for curved line, one for the 2 straight graph outlines and one for annotations-choice reaction(s) and no. of stimuli)

Question 25

What is anticipation? What are the 2 main forms?

Answer 25

Ability to look forward in time and predict what is going to happen next time
•spatial= there is a set pattern of movement in advance which can be used when it is required- the performer detects something different in their opponent and sets up a response should that difference occur again e.g if a defender boots the ball every time it comes to them and this time they look as if they might take a touch, they can respond quicker and press them down
•temporal=predicts what is going to happen as opponent has set routine that the performer uses to predict when to move

Question 26

Name some factors that affect anticipation

Answer 26

•predictability of stimulus
•speed of stimulus
•time stimulus is in view
•complexity of response
•practise
•age
•experience
(If you move too early the opponent could catch on and so you have to pretend to go along with previous routine, you could be wrong with anticipation)

Question 27

Who came up with the schema theory?

Answer 27

Schmidt

Question 28

What is a schema?

Answer 28

A generalised series of movements which are modified depending on the situation and environment

Question 29

We learn skills on the basis of what…

Answer 29

We already know(we behave toward the stimulus on basis of the familiar)

Question 30

What are the 2 subroutines that a schema is broken into?

Answer 30

•recall schema
•recognition schema

Question 31

What is recall schema? What are the 2 aspects of it? Name examples

Answer 31

Recall schema=looks at info available prior to the movement and is responsible for initiating the movement and happens before movement takes place
•knowledge of initial conditions- state of environment and must be recognised before schema can be used e.g pitch position, court markings, nets etc
•knowledge of response specifications-info from environment used to assess available options open to performer e.g body movement, energy systems, ballistic/slow, start/finish, weight transfer etc

Question 32

What is recognition schema? What are the 2 aspects of it? Name examples

Answer 32

Recognition schema=looks at info available during and after movement
1)sensory consequences- sense of movements which can guide athlete through performance e.g timing of skill, range of movement, intrinsic feedback -kinaesthesia/proprioception
2)response outcomes- what happens as a result of the movement and add any updates of schema e.g end result, scoring system, feedback, next response etc

Question 33

What are some strategies that can be used to enable the schema to develop?

Answer 33

1)a variety of practise to build up the schema and a range of past experiences
2)reinforcement to encourage further development of the schema
3)feedback to ensure corrections are acted upon and the adaptations cba be put into place for different situations
4)realistic practise specific to game situations
5)transferable elements should be highlighted
6)performer must practise the basic skills until they are over learned
7)encourage mental rehearsal to picture suitable adaptations