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Y1 Summary > principles > Flashcards

principles Flashcards

1
Q

exotoxin or endotoxin produced inside of cell and exported out

A

exotoxin

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2
Q

what colour do alpha haemoylsis go and why

A

green, enzymes denature haemoglobin

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3
Q

what kind of haemolysis is partial haemolysis

A

alpha

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4
Q

which kind of haemolysis is most pathogenic

A

beta, complete

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5
Q

which kind of hemolysis involves lysing RBCs

A

beta, complete

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6
Q

how do bacteria replicate

A

binary fission

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7
Q

difference between sterilisation and disinfection

A

sterilisation kills all, disinfection removes

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8
Q

obligate intracellular parasite

A

virus

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9
Q

what is a quiescent virus

A

dormant, no active viral replication

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10
Q

gene transfer; conjugation

A

plasma dna transferred by fimbria

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11
Q

gene transfer; transduction

A

viruses transfer dna between bacterium

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12
Q

gene transfer; transformation

A

dna from dead bacteria incorporated into chromosome

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13
Q

what type of enzyme is responsible for bacterial antibiotic resistance

A

metalloenzyme

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14
Q

final electron acceptor in aerobic glycolyis

A

nad

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15
Q

aerobic glycolysis, what goes in 2 nad+ or 2 nadh

A

2 nad+

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16
Q

aerobic glycolysis, what comes out; 2 nad+ or 2 nadh

A

2 nadh + 2 H+

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17
Q

anaerobic glycolysis : nadh -> nad or nad -> nadh

A

nadh -> nad

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18
Q

how are carbohydrates stored

A

glycogen, starch, sucrose or converted to lipids

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19
Q

what does the pentose phosphate pathway generate

A

ribose-5-phosphate and nadph

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20
Q

is glycolysis anabolism or catabolism

A

catabolism

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21
Q

is catabolism exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic

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22
Q

is catabolism reductive or oxidative

A

oxidative

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23
Q

is anabolism exergonic or endergonic

A

endergonic

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24
Q

is anabolism reductive or oxidative

A

reductive

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25
Q

is gluconeogensis anabolism or catabolism

A

anabolism

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26
Q

is anabolism driven by nadph & h+ or nad+

A

nad+

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27
Q

is catabolism driven by nadph & h+ or nad+

A

nadph & h+

28
Q

types of secondary structure

A

alpha helix, beta sheet, triple helix

29
Q

phosphorlation enzyme

A

kinase

30
Q

dephosphorylation enzyme

A

phosphatase

31
Q

cofactor definition

A

metal ions, metal coordination centre in enzyme, essential for enzyme activity

32
Q

metalloprotein definition

A

a enzyme that has a metal ion cofactor

33
Q

coenzyme definition

A

a non-protein thing necessary for enzyme function

34
Q

prosthetic group examples

A

haemoglobin, cytochromes

35
Q

proteolysis enzyme

A

trypsin

36
Q

example of high km enzyme

A

proline hydroxylase sensing o2

37
Q

what axis is km on

A

x axis

38
Q

what axis is vmax on

A

y axis

39
Q

does competitive or non-competitive make a v shape

A

non-competitive

40
Q

michealis menten kinetics; which shaped curve

A

hyperbolic

41
Q

allosteric enzymes; which shaped curve

A

sigmoidal

42
Q

what kind of cooperativity for oxygen: haemoglobin

A

positive

43
Q

what form is c released in the krebs cycle

A

2 co2

44
Q

what does succinate dehydrogenase do in the tca cycle

A

reduces fad -> fadh2

45
Q

from electron transport chain is nad or nadh regenerated

A

nad

46
Q

what is cholesterol a precursor of

A

bile acids, vit d and steroid hormones

47
Q

acrocentric chromosome

A

centromere at one end, 5 in humans

48
Q

is erb-b2 a oncogene or tumour suppresor

A

oncogene

49
Q

is Rb a oncogene or tumour supressor

A

tumour suppressor

50
Q

where does splicing take place

A

in the nucleus

51
Q

which enzyme forms peptide bonds between amino acids

A

peptidyl transferase

52
Q

which enzyme binds amino acids to their tRNA molecule

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

53
Q

where does a post-translational modification take place

A

on free ribosomes in the cytosol

54
Q

where does a co-translational modification take place

A

on bound ribosomes on the rough ER

55
Q

where do free ribosomes make proteins for

A

cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria

56
Q

where do bound er ribosomes make proteins for

A

membrane, ER, golgi, secretion

57
Q

what test would you do for breast cancer mutation

A

fish

58
Q

where does liquefactive necrosis occur

A

bacterial/fungal infection the brain

59
Q

where does coagulative necrosis occur

A

cardiac muscle e.g. MI, or kidney

60
Q

is metaplasia reversible

A

yes

61
Q

metaplasia definition

A

change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type

62
Q

barrett’s metaplasia

A

stratified squamous to colunmnar glandular epithelium

63
Q

has affinity and efficacy

A

agonist

64
Q

has affinity not efficacy

A

antagonist

65
Q

vd <10l

A

vascular compartment bound to protein, too big to cross capillary wall

66
Q

vd 10-30l

A

in ecf, low lipid solubility

67
Q

vd>30 l

A

distributed throughout total body water/accumulation in certain tissues

Y1 Summary (6 decks)

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