principles

Question 1

exotoxin or endotoxin produced inside of cell and exported out

Answer 1

exotoxin

Question 2

what colour do alpha haemoylsis go and why

Answer 2

green, enzymes denature haemoglobin

Question 3

what kind of haemolysis is partial haemolysis

Answer 3

alpha

Question 4

which kind of haemolysis is most pathogenic

Answer 4

beta, complete

Question 5

which kind of hemolysis involves lysing RBCs

Answer 5

beta, complete

Question 6

how do bacteria replicate

Answer 6

binary fission

Question 7

difference between sterilisation and disinfection

Answer 7

sterilisation kills all, disinfection removes

Question 8

obligate intracellular parasite

Answer 8

virus

Question 9

what is a quiescent virus

Answer 9

dormant, no active viral replication

Question 10

gene transfer; conjugation

Answer 10

plasma dna transferred by fimbria

Question 11

gene transfer; transduction

Answer 11

viruses transfer dna between bacterium

Question 12

gene transfer; transformation

Answer 12

dna from dead bacteria incorporated into chromosome

Question 13

what type of enzyme is responsible for bacterial antibiotic resistance

Answer 13

metalloenzyme

Question 14

final electron acceptor in aerobic glycolyis

Answer 14

nad

Question 15

aerobic glycolysis, what goes in 2 nad+ or 2 nadh

Answer 15

2 nad+

Question 16

aerobic glycolysis, what comes out; 2 nad+ or 2 nadh

Answer 16

2 nadh + 2 H+

Question 17

anaerobic glycolysis : nadh -> nad or nad -> nadh

Answer 17

nadh -> nad

Question 18

how are carbohydrates stored

Answer 18

glycogen, starch, sucrose or converted to lipids

Question 19

what does the pentose phosphate pathway generate

Answer 19

ribose-5-phosphate and nadph

Question 20

is glycolysis anabolism or catabolism

Answer 20

catabolism

Question 21

is catabolism exergonic or endergonic

Answer 21

exergonic

Question 22

is catabolism reductive or oxidative

Answer 22

oxidative

Question 23

is anabolism exergonic or endergonic

Answer 23

endergonic

Question 24

is anabolism reductive or oxidative

Answer 24

reductive

Question 25

is gluconeogensis anabolism or catabolism

Answer 25

anabolism

Question 26

is anabolism driven by nadph & h+ or nad+

Answer 26

nad+

Question 27

is catabolism driven by nadph & h+ or nad+

Answer 27

nadph & h+

Question 28

types of secondary structure

Answer 28

alpha helix, beta sheet, triple helix

Question 29

phosphorlation enzyme

Answer 29

kinase

Question 30

dephosphorylation enzyme

Answer 30

phosphatase

Question 31

cofactor definition

Answer 31

metal ions, metal coordination centre in enzyme, essential for enzyme activity

Question 32

metalloprotein definition

Answer 32

a enzyme that has a metal ion cofactor

Question 33

coenzyme definition

Answer 33

a non-protein thing necessary for enzyme function

Question 34

prosthetic group examples

Answer 34

haemoglobin, cytochromes

Question 35

proteolysis enzyme

Answer 35

trypsin

Question 36

example of high km enzyme

Answer 36

proline hydroxylase sensing o2

Question 37

what axis is km on

Answer 37

x axis

Question 38

what axis is vmax on

Answer 38

y axis

Question 39

does competitive or non-competitive make a v shape

Answer 39

non-competitive

Question 40

michealis menten kinetics; which shaped curve

Answer 40

hyperbolic

Question 41

allosteric enzymes; which shaped curve

Answer 41

sigmoidal

Question 42

what kind of cooperativity for oxygen: haemoglobin

Answer 42

positive

Question 43

what form is c released in the krebs cycle

Answer 43

2 co2

Question 44

what does succinate dehydrogenase do in the tca cycle

Answer 44

reduces fad -> fadh2

Question 45

from electron transport chain is nad or nadh regenerated

Answer 45

nad

Question 46

what is cholesterol a precursor of

Answer 46

bile acids, vit d and steroid hormones

Question 47

acrocentric chromosome

Answer 47

centromere at one end, 5 in humans

Question 48

is erb-b2 a oncogene or tumour suppresor

Answer 48

oncogene

Question 49

is Rb a oncogene or tumour supressor

Answer 49

tumour suppressor

Question 50

where does splicing take place

Answer 50

in the nucleus

Question 51

which enzyme forms peptide bonds between amino acids

Answer 51

peptidyl transferase

Question 52

which enzyme binds amino acids to their tRNA molecule

Answer 52

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 53

where does a post-translational modification take place

Answer 53

on free ribosomes in the cytosol

Question 54

where does a co-translational modification take place

Answer 54

on bound ribosomes on the rough ER

Question 55

where do free ribosomes make proteins for

Answer 55

cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria

Question 56

where do bound er ribosomes make proteins for

Answer 56

membrane, ER, golgi, secretion

Question 57

what test would you do for breast cancer mutation

Answer 57

fish

Question 58

where does liquefactive necrosis occur

Answer 58

bacterial/fungal infection the brain

Question 59

where does coagulative necrosis occur

Answer 59

cardiac muscle e.g. MI, or kidney

Question 60

is metaplasia reversible

Answer 60

yes

Question 61

metaplasia definition

Answer 61

change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type

Question 62

barrett's metaplasia

Answer 62

stratified squamous to colunmnar glandular epithelium

Question 63

has affinity and efficacy

Answer 63

agonist

Question 64

has affinity not efficacy

Answer 64

antagonist

Question 65

vd <10l

Answer 65

vascular compartment bound to protein, too big to cross capillary wall

Question 66

vd 10-30l

Answer 66

in ecf, low lipid solubility

Question 67

vd>30 l

Answer 67

distributed throughout total body water/accumulation in certain tissues