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Y1 Summary > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

cell wall antibiotics

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

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2
Q

protein synthesis antibiotics

A

macrolides, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, tetracyclines

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3
Q

examples of penicillin group

A

penicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin

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4
Q

side effects of penicillin group

A

none

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5
Q

are penicillins safe in pregnancy

A

yes

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6
Q

which antibiotic/s inhibit peptidoglycan cross liking

A

penicillins, cephalosporins

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7
Q

how are penicillins excreted & at what rate

A

rapidly by kidneys

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8
Q

are penicillins bactericidal or bacterostatic

A

bactericidal

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9
Q

are cephalosporins safe in pregnancy

A

yes

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10
Q

cephalosporins side effects?

A

none

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11
Q

how are cephalosporins excreted

A

by kidneys

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12
Q

cephalosporins mechanism

A

act on cell wall, prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking

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13
Q

glycopeptides examples

A

vancomycin, teicoplanin

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14
Q

penicillins route of administration

A

oral or iv

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15
Q

cephalosporins route of administration

A

oral or iv

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16
Q

glycopeptides route of administration

A

iv only

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17
Q

what are vancomycin effective against

A

clostridium, strep, staph, enterococcus, mrsa

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18
Q

are glycopeptides bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

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19
Q

are macrolides bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

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20
Q

macrolides examples

A

clarithromycin, erithromycin, azithromycin

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21
Q

is erithromycin safe in pregnancy

A

yes

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22
Q

how are macrolides excreted

A

via liver

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23
Q

what are macrolides effective against

A

intracellular bacteria or bacteria without cell walls e.g. mycoplasma

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24
Q

aminoglycoside example

A

gentamycin, streptomycin

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25
Q

aminoglycosides route of administration

A

only IV, rarely IM

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26
Q

gentamycin route of administration

A

only IV, rarely IM

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27
Q

are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

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28
Q

how are aminoglycosides excreted

A

urine

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29
Q

aminoglycosides use

A

gram -ve aerobes e.g. coliforms, pseudomonas

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30
Q

gentamycin use

A

gram -ve aerobes e.g. coliforms, pseudomonas

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31
Q

how is clindamycin excreted

A

via liver

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32
Q

clindamycin mechanism

A

protein synthesis antibiotic

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33
Q

is clindamycin bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

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34
Q

what is clindamycin effective against

A

true anaerobes (obligate) e.g. bacteriodes

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35
Q

what antibiotic is effective against true anaerobes

A

clindamycin and metronidazole

36
Q

what antibiotic is effective against intracellular bacteria

A

macrolides e.g. clarithryomycin, azithromycin

37
Q

name an antibiotic effective against atypical pneumonias

A

doxycycline

38
Q

how is doxycycline excreted

A

via liver

39
Q

tetracycline route of administration

A

po

40
Q

are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bacteriostatic

41
Q

example of a tetracycline

A

doxycycline

42
Q

what is the name of the antibiotic used for eye infections

A

chloramphenicol

43
Q

name antibiotics effective against pseudomonas

A

ciprofloxacin (PO) and gentamycin

44
Q

how are fluoroquinolones excreted

A

urine

45
Q

fluoroquinolone examples

A

levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

46
Q

name a antibiotic used for UTIs

A

ciprofloxacin

47
Q

which antibiotic group interacts with topiosomerases (they coil/uncoil bacterial DNA)

A

fluoroquinolones

48
Q

name the antibiotic groups that target bacterial DNA

A

fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, trimethroprim, co-trimoxazole

49
Q

are fluoroquinolones bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

50
Q

which antibiotics have a high c. diff risk

A

fluoroquinolones e.g. levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

51
Q

metronidazole use

A

true anaerobes e.g. bacteriodes and protozoa

52
Q

name an antibiotic effective against protozoa

A

metronidazole

53
Q

metronidazole mechanism

A

acts on bacterial dna, damages bacterial DNA

54
Q

trimethroprim mechanism

A

inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

55
Q

which two antibiotics is co-trimoxazole a combination of

A

trimethroprim, sulphamethoxazole

56
Q

co-trimoxazole route of adminstration

A

iv or po

57
Q

what is co-trimoxazole used against

A

gram -ves

58
Q

how is co-trimoxazole excreted

A

urine

59
Q

is co-trimoxazole safe in pregnancy

A

only after 4 months

60
Q

what kinds of bacteria are more likely to acquire resistance

A

bacteria in the gut or transmitted in hospitals

61
Q

describe transformation

A

debris from dead bacteria scavenged and incorporated into the genome of living bacteria e.g. e.coli

62
Q

describe conjugation

A

plasmid given to another bacteria via a pilus

63
Q

describe transduction

A

dna transfer by viruses (bacteriophages)

64
Q

how often do bacteria multiply

A

every 20 minutes

65
Q

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A

altered target site, inactivation or increased efflux rate

66
Q

through what mechanism does mrsa get resistant

A

altered antibiotic target binding site; increasing number of penicillin binding proteins

67
Q

what is temocillin used for

A

coliforms

68
Q

is amoxicillin broad or narrow spec

A

broad spec

69
Q

glycopeptides use

A

gram +ves

70
Q

antibiotic of last resort for b-lactamase resistance

A

meropenem

71
Q

what type of antibiotic is meropenem

A

carbapenem

72
Q

carbapenem mechanism

A

act on cell wall

73
Q

name an antibiotic used for coliforms

A

temocillin

74
Q

macrolides mechanism

A

attach to 50s subunit of ribosomes, preventing peptide bonds forming

75
Q

name an antibiotic group effective against mycoplasma

A

macrolides

76
Q

aminoglycosides side effects

A

kidney damage, cnviii damage (deafness and dizziness)

77
Q

gentamycin side effects

A

kidney damage, cnviii damage (deafness and dizziness)

78
Q

what is doxycycline effective against

A

broad spectrum

79
Q

levofloxacin route of adminstration

A

iv

80
Q

rifampicin mechanism

A

inhibits rna polymerase

81
Q

an antibiotic of last resort for metalloenzyme based resistance

A

colistin

82
Q

antibiotics with high c.diff risk

A

cephalosporins, co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, clindamycinq

83
Q

colistin use

A

antibiotic of last resort for metalloenzyme based resistance

84
Q

what two antibiotics make up co-amoxiclav

A

amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

85
Q

co-amoxiclav mechanism

A

inhibits b-lactamase

Y1 Summary (6 decks)

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