Cardio

Question 1

what do u give for a non-shockable rhythm

Answer 1

adrenaline (inotrope, vasoconstricts) + 300mg amiodarone

Question 2

shockable rhythms

Answer 2

vf, pulseless vt

Question 3

how do u treat airway obstruction

Answer 3

head tilt, jaw thrust, suction

Question 4

how fast after cardiac arrest should u do debfibrillation

Answer 4

within 3 minutes

Question 5

examples of non-shockable rhythms

Answer 5

asystole, pulseless electrical activity PEA

Question 6

what is persistent precipitating pathology

Answer 6

a second cardiac arrest

Question 7

ventricular or supraventricular: asystole

Answer 7

ventricular

Question 8

ventricular or supraventricular: af

Answer 8

supraventricular

Question 9

ventricular or supraventricular: atrial flutter

Answer 9

supraventricular

Question 10

ventricular or supraventricular: av block

Answer 10

supraventricular

Question 11

ventricular or supraventricular: sinus bradycardia

Answer 11

supraventricular

Question 12

ventricular or supraventricular: wpw

Answer 12

supraventricular

Question 13

ventricular or supraventricular: avn re-entry

Answer 13

supraventricular

Question 14

examples of triggered activity

Answer 14

torsade de pointes, digoxin toxicity, hypokalaemia, congenital long qt syndrome

Question 15

what is triggered activity

Answer 15

afterdepolarisation after reaching threshold

Question 16

what is the term for >1 conduction pathway with different spread of excitiation

Answer 16

re-entry

Question 17

examples of re-entry

Answer 17

wpw, mi scar

Question 18

what is an ectopic beat

Answer 18

rhythm doens’t originate in sa node

Question 19

what happens if an ectopic beat is greater than sinus rhythm

Answer 19

takes over and paces the heart

Question 20

common type of ectopic beat in children

Answer 20

premature atrial contractions

Question 21

management of ectopic beats

Answer 21

b-blocker or amiodarone

Question 22

causes of ectopic beats

Answer 22

lvh, hf, idh, electrolyte imbalance

Question 23

name of the invasive study that induces arrythmias

Answer 23

electrophysiological ep study

Question 24

managment of re-entry pathway

Answer 24

radiofrequency ablation, 2nd line b-blockers

Question 25

causes of bradycardia

Answer 25

hyperkalaemia, hypothermia

Question 26

drugs that can cause sinus bradycardia

Answer 26

ccb, digoxin, b-blocker

Question 27

rbbb

Answer 27

rv activation delayed

Question 28

causes of lbbb

Answer 28

chd, hypertension, anterior mi, dilated cardiomypathy, aortic stenosis

Question 29

examples of bradycardia

Answer 29

lbbb, rbbb, asystole, sinus bradycardia, heart block, sick sinus syndrome

Question 30

management of bradycardia

Answer 30

if <40bpm IV atropine, if no response temporary cardiac pacing (pacemaker), if emergency transcutaneous defibrillation

Question 31

atropine route of administration

Answer 31

iv or im

Question 32

atropine mechanism

Answer 32

antimuscarinic, inhibits parasympathetic, increases SAN firing

Question 33

treatment of sinus tachycardia

Answer 33

adrenergic b-blocker

Question 34

causes of sinus tachycardia

Answer 34

anxiety, fever, exercise, sepsis, heart failure, pregnancy, pe, caffeine, nicotine, drugs, hypotension, anaemia

Question 35

svt treatment pathway

Answer 35

valsalva, then adenosine IV, then verapamil, then repeat, then dc cardioversion

Question 36

vt treatment

Answer 36

amiodarone, if no response dc shock

Question 37

polymorphic vt

Answer 37

torsade de pointes

Question 38

torsade de pointes treatment

Answer 38

magnesium sulfate

Question 39

vf treatment

Answer 39

defibrillation/cpr then icd for preventing recurrence

Question 40

treatment of atrial tachycardia

Answer 40

digoxin

Question 41

rhythm disturbance seen in wpw

Answer 41

svt

Question 42

effect of valsalva

Answer 42

increases av block

Question 43

causes of 1st degree heart block

Answer 43

inferior mi, myocarditis, electrolyte disturbance, hyperkalaemia, digoxin, b-blocker

Question 44

causes of av block, mobitz type 1

Answer 44

b-blocker, ccb, digoxin, myocarditis, inferior mi

Question 45

causes of av block, motibz type 2

Answer 45

cad, cardiomypathy, electrolyte imbalance, CHD

Question 46

management of av block, motibz type 2

Answer 46

atropine

Question 47

causes of third degree av block

Answer 47

secondary to mobitz 1/2, anterior mi

Question 48

atrial fibrillation pathology

Answer 48

multiple wavelets of re-entry, ecoptic focus around the pulmonary veins

Question 49

persistent atrial fibrillation

Answer 49

can be cardioverted to sr

Question 50

how do u diagnose lone idiopathic af

Answer 50

by exclusion

Question 51

atrial rate in af

Answer 51

>300bpm

Question 52

does af respond to adenosine

Answer 52

no

Question 53

rhythm control in af

Answer 53

amiodarone, catheter ablation

Question 54

rate control in af

Answer 54

digoxin, b-blocker, verapamil, diltiazem

Question 55

surgery for af

Answer 55

maze procedure

Question 56

hr in torsade de pointes

Answer 56

200-250 bpm

Question 57

most common cause of torsade de pointes

Answer 57

hypokalaemia

Question 58

channelopathies

Answer 58

lqts, brugada, catecholaminergic polymorphic vt, wpw,

Question 59

cardiomypathies

Answer 59

hocm, arrhythmogenic rv caridomyopathy,

Question 60

if u have lqts what does adrenergic stimulation cause

Answer 60

torsade de pointes

Question 61

death in sleep could be

Answer 61

lqts

Question 62

how long is qt in lqts

Answer 62

>480ms

Question 63

what is the arrhythmia risk in brugada syndrome (triggered)

Answer 63

polymorphic vt or vf

Question 64

if brugada syndrome with sustained vt how do u manage

Answer 64

icd

Question 65

management of catecholadrenergic polymorphic vt

Answer 65

b-blockers, flecainide

Question 66

sudden death in athlete

Answer 66

hocm

Question 67

management of hocm >50% lvef

Answer 67

b-blocker, verapamil/diltiazem, diuretic

Question 68

management of hocm <50% lvef

Answer 68

b-blocker, acei, mra, duiretic

Question 69

kind of heart block caused by dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 69

1st degree

Question 70

arrhythmogenic rv cardiomyopathy pathology

Answer 70

fibrofatty replacement of cardiac myocytes

Question 71

management of arrhythmogenic rv cardiomyopathy

Answer 71

avoid competitve sport, b-blocker, amiodarone, catheter ablation, icd

Question 72

ecg; voltage criteria changes can diagnose what

Answer 72

chamber hypertrophy