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Medicine Year 1 > Principles > Flashcards

Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal osmolarity of body fluids?

A

~300mOsm/l

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2
Q

What is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion, according to Fick’s Law?

A 
Increased solute concentration gradient
Increased membrane surface area
Increased lipid solubility
Decreased molecular weight
Decreased membrane thickness.
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3
Q

What is a cadherin

A

Links cells together - a type of cell adhesion molecule

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4
Q

What is an integrin

A

Links the intracellular fluid with the extracellular fluid. A type of cell adhesion molecule.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of junction between cells?

A

Gap
Tight
Desmosome

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6
Q

What are the two chemicals invoved in fever generation?

A

Endogenous pyrogens and prostaglandins

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7
Q

What do iso-, hypo-, and hyper- tonicity do to a cell?

A

Isotonic: stayss the same volume
Hypotonic: cell swells/bursts
Hypertonic: cell shrivels.

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of carrier mediated transport?

A

Facilitated diffsion and active transport

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9
Q

Which of facilitated diffusion or active transport requires ATP?

A

Active transport.

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A

Primary and secondary

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11
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Moves solutes against their concentration gradient.

ATP binds directly to the transporter, providing the energy to move the solute.

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12
Q

What is the pump called in secondary active transport?

A

The sodium-potassium pump

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13
Q

Whaat are the 3 roles of the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Maintain the cell volume
Maintain the intra-cellular solute concentrations
Provide the energy for secondary active transport.

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14
Q

Fill the blanks for the sodium-potassium pump:

_ sodium ___, _ potassium ___

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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15
Q

What are the two subtypes of secondary active transport?

A

Symport and antiport

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16
Q

What’s the different between symport and antiport?

A

Symport: solute moves in the same direction as sodium
Antiport: solute moves in the opposite direction to sodium

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17
Q

What are the two types of vesicular transport/

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

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18
Q

At rest, is there more sodium inside or outside the cell?

A

OUTSIDE

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19
Q

At rest, is there more potassium inside or outside the cell?

A

INSIDE

20
Q

What does Em mean?

A

Membrane potential

21
Q

What is the normal resting membrane potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

22
Q

What’s the normal restng membrane potential for potassium?

A

-90mV

23
Q

What’s the normal resting membrane potential for sodium?

A

+60mV

24
Q

What maintains the Em??

A

The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting membrane potential.

25
Q

What is anabolism

A

Builing things up from smaller subunits

26
Q

What is catabolism

A

Breaking things into smaller parts

27
Q

What do the aplha cells in the islets of langerhans do?

A

Release glucagon

28
Q

What do the beta cells in the islets of langerhans do?

A

Release insulin

29
Q

What does the brain overwhelmingly rely on for energy?

A

Glucose

30
Q

Why is it important to always have glucose in the bloodstream?

A

Because it is necessary for brain function

31
Q

What is the definition of hypoglycaemia?

A

<2.5 mmols of glucose

32
Q

Which hormones control glucose levels in the absorptive and post-absorptive states?

A

Insulin in absorptive

Glucagon in post-absorptive

33
Q

Which hormones control glucose levels in emergency situations? What do they do to them?

A

Cortisol and adrenaline. Increase glucose levels.

34
Q

Which hormones control glucose levels in the starved state?

A

Growth (pituitary) hormone

35
Q

What is the word for creating more glucose from stores?

A

Glycogenolysis

36
Q

What is the word for putting glucose into storage?

A

Glycogen synthesis

37
Q

What is the word for making more glucose from scratch?

A

Gluconeogenesis

38
Q

Whch transporters increase glucose uptake by the cells?

A

GLUT4

39
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It’s a fed-state hormone which encourages the body to store glucose. It’s anabolic.

40
Q

Is insulin secretion sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

41
Q

Is glucagon secretion sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

42
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Tries to preserve levels of glucose in the blood during hunger. It causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

43
Q

Where does cortisol come from?

A

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland

44
Q

When are cortisol levels highest?

A

In the morning

45
Q

What effect does cortisol have on blood sugar?

A

Increases glucose levels (it’s a stress hormone)

Medicine Year 1 (6 decks)

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