Primer Section 4 - 5 Flashcards
For infants, there’s no difference between breastfeeding and formula feeding…
True or Fale
False…breastfeeding is preferred
Solid foods are not usually recommended until about which age?
2-3 months
4-6 months
9-12 months
24 months
feeding baby green says 4-6. months, pg 153
Nutrition through the life cycles says ~6 months pg 239
Growth patterns in children are best represented by
Height measurements
Weight measurements
Growth velocity curves
Waist to hip ratios
Growth velocity curves
3 major growth phases…what are the age ranges for?
Infancy
Childhood
Puberty
0-2 yrs
2-10 yrs
10-12 yrs
During the growth spurt in adolescence, the RDAs and DVs for calcium, zinc, and magnesium are perfectly appropriate.
True or False
False….they are likely inadequate
Which nutrient deficiency can exacerbate acne in adolescents?
Calcium
Zinc
Magnesium
Copper
Zinc
During pregnancy, the average total increase in energy needs per day is
100-200 kcal
200-300
300-400
400-500
300-400 kcal /day
How many additional grams of protein per day are needed on average during a pregnancy?
3 grams
6
9
12
6 grams
What is the average additional need for lactation?
250 kcal
450
650
850
650
Lactation, on average, requires how many grams per day of protein?
15 g/day
20
25
0
15
Which two nutritional biochemical assessment are focused on in the elderly specifically because the standard adult reference ranges are not appropriate for this group?
Hemoglobin and WBCs
Albumin and WBCs
Hemoglobin and Albumin
Albumin and Bilirubin
Hemoglobin and Albumin
Is dietary protein effective in raising serum albumin in elderly patients?
Yes or No
No
Less than what amount of serum albumin indicates malnutrition in an elderly patient?
< 5 g/dL
< 3.5
< 2
< 1
< 3.5 nd/dL
Age related body composition changes in the elderly include
Loss of lean body mass and bone density Relative increase in body fat Redistribution of adipose tissue All of these None of these
All of these
Some clinical signs of malnutrition can mimic signs of aging, thus making clinical assessment more challenging.
True or False
True
Which nutrients are likely needing to be increased for elderly?
B2, b3, b6, Vt D
Vit D, B2, B6, folate
Vit A, Vit D, B2, b12
B2, B6, B12, Vit D
B2, b6, b12, vit D
Which nutrient recommendation is likely set too high for the elderly?
Vit A
Vit E
Vit K
Vit D
Vit A
Is the protein in vegetarian diets more or less digestible than the protein in diets containing animal protein?
Less digestible
For strict vegetarians (vegans), what should the recommended daily protein intake be increased to?
- 0 g/kg/day
- 5
- 0
- 5
1.0 g/kg/day
roughly a 15-25% increase
If strict vegan/vegetarian AND exercising heavily, protein requirements increase to….
- 2 g/kg/day
- 6
- 8
- 2
1.6 g/kg/day
Regarding complementary protein practices for vegans/vegetarians, which two foods should be combined to provide essential amino acids?
Grains and Root vegetables
Nuts/seeds/Legume vegetables and Root vegetables
Grains and Nuts/Seeds/Legumes
Grains and cruciferous vegetables
Grains AND nuts/seeds/legumes
The calcium absorption in vegan diets is roughly 20% greater or less than that of animal based diets?
LESS than, so need to compensate with more calcium intake
Vegetarian sources of Calcium?
Nuts,
Leafy Greens
Fortified beverages (soy milk, oj)
calcium supplements
ALL of these!!
Vegetarian diets do or do not enhance the absorption of dietary iron or zinc?
DO NOT, so need to have adequate intake of whole grains, nuts, fruits and legumes
Riboflavin can be provided by which vegetarian approved foods?
Green leafy vegetables
Whole Grains
Legumes
All of the above
ALL of the above
Double-strength infant formula can cause
Mental impairment
Colic
Dehydration
sleepiness
Dehydration
Which research design a contemporaneous determination of disease status (prevalence) and dietary exposure?
Ecological studies
Cohort
Cross-sectional
Case-control
Cross-sectional: Cross-sectional studies or surveys measure both the exposure and outcome in a sample of the population at a point in time
The classic type of cross-sectional study is the survey: A representative group of people – usually a random sample – are interviewed or examined in order to find out their opinions or facts. Because this data is collected only once, cross-sectional studies are relatively quick and inexpensive. They can provide information on things like the prevalence of a particular disease (how common it is). But they can’t tell us anything about the cause of a disease or what the best treatment might be.
Cross-sectional studies can answer questions such as these:
How tall are German men and women at age 20?
How many people have cancer screening?
Which design is the examination of correlations between disease status and dietary exposure of several populations or of one population observed at several times?
Ecological studies
Cohort
Cross-sectional
Case-control
ecological
Which research design is forward-looking (prospective) or backward-looking (retrospective) observation, often, over time of the occurrence of disease in subgroups within a population that have been formed based on degree of exposure to a risk factor?
Ecological studies
Cohort
Cross sectional
Case control
Cohort
Which research design looks at contemporaneous (simultaneous) or retrospective examination of any relationship between disease risk and dietary exposure of individuals matched or paired on the basis of common characteristics other than disease status and dietary exposure; but who are otherwise as similar as possible.
Ecological studies
Cohort
Cross-sectional surveys
Case-control
Case-Control
Case-control studies compare people who have a certain medical condition with people who do not have the medical condition, but who are otherwise as similar as possible, for example in terms of their sex and age. Then the two groups are interviewed, or their medical files are analyzed, to find anything that might be risk factors for the disease. So case-control studies are generally retrospective.
Case-control studies are one way to gain knowledge about rare diseases. They are also not as expensive or time-consuming as RCTs or cohort studies. But it is often difficult to tell which people are the most similar to each other and should therefore be compared with each other. Because the researchers usually ask about past events, they are dependent on the participants’ memories. But the people they interview might no longer remember whether they were, for instance, exposed to certain risk factors in the past.
Do HPV infections increase the risk of cervical cancer?
Is the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (“cot death”) increased by parents smoking at home?
In the urinary tract, which two nutrients solubilize other minerals to reduce stone formation risk?
Calcium and citrate salts
Magnesium and citrate salts
Calcium and oxalate
Magnesium and oxalate
Magnesium and citrate
Which 3 minerals, if any is taken in a large amount, will impair the absorption and utilization of the other two?
Calcium, magnesium, phosphorous
Copper, Zinc, manganese
Iron, copper, zinc
calcium, iron, copper
Iron, copper, and zinc