Primer 1H - 2A Flashcards
Data Analysis.
Which term related to the relative thickness of tails of a distribution?
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval
Skewness
Average, mean, median, and mode are examples of
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval
central tendency
Range, Standard deviation, variance, and standard error of the mean are examples of
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval
Dispersion
Which is the value that occurs most frequently?
Mean
Median
Mode
Mode
Which is the arithmetic average when data is distributed normally?
Mean
Median
Mode
Mean
Which is the halfway point of the observations?
Mean
Median
Mode
Median
A rejection of the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually true is which type of error?
Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
Standard Deviation Error
Type 1
A failure to reject the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually false is?
Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
Standard Deviation Error
Type 2
A design’s ______ is its ability to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.
Confidence Interval
Power
Confirmation bias
Variance
Power
What can be used to test a null hypothesis regarding 1 or 2 groups of subjects?
Confidence Interval
Power
Confirmation bias
Variance
Confidence interval
What estimates the likelihood that one variable is causally influenced by another?
Confidence Interval
Power
Correlation analysis
Variance
Correlation analysis
Causal relationships can be examined using the techniques of correlation analysis. In other words, correlation analysis estimates the likelihood that one variable being observed (such as body weight) is causally influenced by another (such as height or age). The least squares techniques of linear and nonlinear regression can be used to identify a mathematical model of the
relationship. Linear regression is used to identify a straight line relationship (y = a + bx). Nonlinear regression is used to identify curvilinear relationships
such as y = a + bx2.75.
Which term refers to the function of a nutrient and relationship between a nutrient’s concentration and the biological effects of the nutrient?
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
Which term describes the extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action?
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics
Bioavailability
The extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action is termed its bioavailability. Net bioavailability is determined by the balance of absorption efficiency, rate of delivery to the site of physiologic action, and relative rates of metabolism and excretion prior to arrival at the site of physiologic action. Bioavailability is affected by characteristics inherent
in the nutrient and by its interactions with other nutrients, drugs and physiologic factors.
Which term refers to the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of an ingested substance?
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Which term refers to the dissemination via circulation to interstitial and intracellular fluids?
1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation
Distribution
The distribution of a nutrient describes its dissemination via the circulation to the interstitial and intracellular fluids. The distribution of a nutrient depends on its lipid solubility and ionization state, blood flow at its site of physiologic action, the solubility of the nutrient at the site of its physiologic action, the availability of carrier substances and interactions with other nutrients and tissue components. Distribution characteristics may change in concert with alterations in bioavailability.
What increases the water solubility to facilitate excretion?
1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation
Biotransformation
(often called detoxification)
Nutrients, hormones, ingested substances and their metabolites may undergo
biotransformation to increase water solubility and facilitate excretion. These reactions, often called detoxification reactions, are classified as Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions. Most Phase 1 reactions convert nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates.
Which refers to passage through GI mucosa, portal vein,and then liver…which can result in the conversion of a nutrient into a compound with different biological activity?
1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation
1st pass metabolism
About how much free glutamine is metabolized by enterocytes as an example of 1st pass metabolism?
25%
50
75
100
100%
Biotransformation has how many phases?
1
2
3
4
2
Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 1
Oxidations, reduction, dehalogenations, hydrolysis, dehydrogenations, dealkylations are types of reactions that occur in which phase of biotransformation?
Phase 1
Which are Phase 2 reactions?
Glucuronidations Sulfations Acetylations Methylations Peptide Conjugations All of the above None of the above
All of the above
Resting energy expenditure + Thermal effect of activity =
BMR
RMR
Harris Benedict Equation
Total Energy Expenditure
Total Energy Expenditure
estimated using factors such as a person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR), activity level, and the thermic effect of food.
___ also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), estimates the maintenance energy required to sustain the basic processes of sedentary, inactive life (including normal growth in children and the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food nutrients).
The amount of dietary energy required to fulfill this function in healthy individuals may be calculated according to the
Resting Energy Expenditure
Harris- Benedict equations:
What is Resting Energy Expenditure equivalent to?
BMR
Harris Benedict Equation
Mifflin St Jeor Equation
BMR
Maintenance energy needed to sustain basic processes of a sedentary and inactive life
BMR
RMR
REE
All of the above
All … they all mean the same thing
Harris Benedict Equation is used to calculate
Total Energy Expenditure
Resting Energy Expenditure
Thermal Effect of Food
Energy required for growth
Resting Energy Expenditure aka BMR
Which Harris Benedict Equation is for males and which is for females?
REE (kcal/d)=66.47+13.75(W in kg)+5.0(H in m)-6.76(A)
REE (kcal/d)=655.10+9.56(W)+1.85(H)-4.68(A)
Males:
Kcal/d=66.47+13.75(W)+5(H)-6.76(A)
Females:
655.10+9.56(w)+1.85(h)-4.68(a)
There’s an alternate option for REE estimation. What is it?
10-15 kcal/kg
15-20 kcal/kg
20-25 kcal/kg
25-30 kcal/kg
20-25 kcal/kg
Declining plasma free thyroxine (T4) concentration is accompanied
by a reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR; resting energy expenditure).
Resting energy expenditure (REE), also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), estimates the maintenance energy required to sustain the basic processes of sedentary, inactive life (including normal growth in children and the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food nutrients). The amount of dietary energy required to fulfill this function in healthy individuals may be calculated according to the Harris- Benedict equations:
Estimates of REE should be modified according to the relative proportions of bone, lean tissue and fat-free mass present (in other words, body weight alone is not an accurate predictor of basal energy expenditure). REE declines with increasing age in adults, largely as a result of decreased resting energy expenditure in the brain.
REE is increased by:
Increased lifestyle activity Wound healing Surgery Burns Fevers All of these
All of these
Which reflects the measure of heat provided during physical activity?
Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity
Thermal Effect of Energy
Which is the increased in energy expenditure related to the metabolic cost of food digestion and absorption?
Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity
Thermal effect of food
Every gram of tissue accretion requires about 5 kcal of energy and sufficient nutrients is accounted for by which concept?
Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity
Energy Requirements of Growth
Signs of this are weight loss, organ tissue loss, decreased immune function, declining cognitive function, wasting of sub-Q fat, and adaptive endocrine changes that reduce REE.
Energy Toxicity
Marasmus
BMR
TEE
Marasmus, or ENERGY DEFICIENCY
Weight gain and obesity are signs of….
Energy Toxicity
Marasmus
BMR
TEE
Energy Toxicity
Signs of this are stunted growth, hypoalbuminemia w/edema, ascites, muscle wasting, hair thinning, flaky and hyperpigmented extremities.
Energy Toxicity
Kwashiorkor
Wernickes
Beriberi
Kwashiorkor
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, as well as transketolase, require which common vitamin?
B1
D
Biotin
B12
B1
The active form of thiamin is thiamin pyrophosphate, also known as
Thiamin Monophosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Thiamin Triphosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Which of these decrease the bioavailability of thiamin? (choose all that apply)
Dietary fats
EtOH
Radiation
Acidic beverages
They all apply…
Good food sources of ___ include seeds, nuts, wheat germ, rice bran, legumes, meats (such as liver and pork), egg yolks, poultry, and fish.
B12
Biotin
B5
B1
B1
What contains thiaminase and reduces B1 availability?
Potatoes
Pork
Raw Seafood
Beer
Raw Seafood
What does coffee and tea contain that can impair B1 absorption?
Thiaminase
Silicon
Polyphenols
Tannins
Tannins
Sulfites and nitrates increase B1 absorption.
True or False
False…they impair it
What is the tolerable upper limit of B1?
1mg 10mg 100mg 1000mg None
None
Which of these are caused by B1 deficiency?
Beriberi Pellagra Wernicke-Korsakoff's Branched chain keto acidosis Epilepsy
Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s
BCKacidosis
Anticonvulsants, barbiturates, antimalarial drugs, OTCs, chemo agents, and EtOH reduce availability of which?
B1
Folate
Vitamin C
B3
Folate
Which vitamin is required for ETC function, reduction reactions, oxidation of AAs and FAs, hydroxylation rxns of hepatic drug detoxification, condensation of acetate or pyruvate into acetyl-CoA? And what is the cofactor is it a precursor for?
B2, FAD
B3, NAD+
B1, TPP
B6, P5P
B2, FAD
Which drug group interferes with b2 availability?
Antimalarials
Antipyretics
Antiemetics
Antibiotics
Antimalarials
How many of these does cooking reduce availability of?
B1
B2
B3
Folate
All of them
60mg of Tryptophan yield how many milligrams of which B-vitamin?
60 mg B1
1 mg B1
1 mg B3
60 mg B3
1 mg B3
Chronic deficiency of which leads to dermatitis, cheliosis, glossitis, blurred vision/light sensitivity, face and genital eczema?
B1
B2
B3
B6
B2
B2 and folate have no known upper limit.
True or False
True
Cheese, yogurt, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, asparagus, avocadoes, broccoli…are good sources of?
B2
B3
Folate
B2
The 4 Ds are dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death. They signify which issue and nutrient deficiency?
Beriberi, B1
Ariboflavanosis, B2
Pellagra, B3
Wernicke’s Syndrome, b3
Pellagra, b3
What is the upper limit for daily Niacin?
30mg
35mg
3mg
3g
35mg
Which nutrient at 1 gram a day or more affects total serum cholesterol and impacts VLDL formation?
Riboflavin
Thiamin
Folate
Niacin
niacin
Which is required for 1 carbon metabolism, synthesis of deoxythymidine (DNA replication), and helps prevent neural tube defects?
B1
B2
B3
Folate
Folate
Yeast, livers, pork, chicken liver, alfalfa, green leafy spinach are great sources of
Vitamin C
Folate
B3
Vitamin D
Folate
Which nutrient is a precursor for coenzymes that function in dehydrogenase enzymes, are needed for synthesis of PO4 cmpds, CHO metabolism via glycolysis and HMP Shunt, Purine/pyrimidine synthesis, FA oxidation, lipoylsis cholesterol metabolism, thyroxine metabolism, steroid synthesis? And what are the coenzymes?
Niacin (NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH)
Riboflavin (FAD, FADH)
Thiamin (TPP)
Folate (Folic acid)
Niacin, NAD etc
Eggs, liver, fish, milk/cheese, potatoes, corn, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes are good sources of
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Niacin
Folate
Niacin
Which vitamin is used in macronutrient metabolism and signs of deficiency are dry scaly skin, nausea, anorexia, and seborrhea in adults (in infants < 6 months, seborrhea and alopecia)?
B1
B3
B5
Biotin
Biotin
Which vitamin plays a critical role in fat and CHO utilization, oxidation/reduction rxns of energy metabolism, manufacturing of adrenal hormones, and RBC metabolism?
Biotin
B5
B6
B1
B5
Pantothenic Acid (vitamin B5) plays a critical role in the utilization of fats and carbohydrates, in the oxidation/reduction reactions of energy production, in the manufacture of adrenal hormones and in the metabolism of red blood cells (following its conversion to coenzyme A). Good food sources of pantothenic acid include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats (liver, heart, kidney), potatoes, peas, beans, and saltwater fish. The pantothenic acid content of foods is reduced by exposure to light, storage of milk in cartons or glass bottles, heat, evaporation, pasteurization, canning, cooking, and milling. Chronic pantothenic acid deficiency produces fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” (numbness and shooting pains in the feet). There is no known upper safe limit of pantothenic acid intake (daily intakes of up to 10 g are safe). Large intakes may accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation.
Which nutrient is hindered by the presence of alcohol, antibiotics, and avidin?
B1
B3
Biotin
B6
Biotin
Fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” are signs of which deficiency?
B1
B6
Biotin
B5
B5
Good food sources of ___ include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats
(liver, heart, kidney), potatoes, peas, beans, and saltwater fish.
B1
B6
Biotin
B5
B5
Chicken, lamb, pork, beef, veal liver, beans, yeast, milk/cheese, saltwater fish are sources of…
B1
B6
Biotin
B5
Biotin
Upper limit for both biotin and b5?
10mg
100mg
1000mg
None known
none known
Which nutrient in large doses could accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation?
B5
Biotin
B6
Vitamin A
B5
Which nutrient is vital for healthy blood formation and nervous system function, required for 1 carbon methyl group transfers, fatty acid oxidation, DNA synthesis, cell division, and RBC differentiation?
B5
Biotin
B12
B6
B12
Dermatitis, anemia, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, convulsions, brain wave abnormalities are signs of which deficiency?
B5
B6
B12
Biotin
B6