Paper Practice Exam Material Flashcards
Best measurements to assess growth?
Recumbent length and weight
Height and weight
Height and BMI
Height and head circumference
Height and weight
Which does not occur during pregnancy?
GERD becomes more common
GI motility increases
Appetite increases
Thirst increases
GI motility DOES NOT increase
Pregnant women need a minimum of how many grams of CHOs daily?
150
175
200
225
175
How many grams per day of protein for women?
46
51
60
71
46
How many g/kg/day of protein for women above 19 who are not pregnant?
- 9
- 8
- 85
- 0
0.8
How many grams of protein per day for pregnant women?
46
51
60
71
71
Protein requirement for adolescents (g/kg/day)?
- 8
- 85
- 9
- 95
0.95
Adolescent RDA of Calcium?
1000 mg/d
1200
1300
1500
1300mg/d
Elderly need which RDA of Calcium?
1000 mg/d
1200
1400
1500
1200 mg/d
Angiotensin II …
Prevents the adrenals from releasing aldosterone
Prevents the lungs from producing rennin
Stimulates the adrenals to release more aldosterone
Stimulates the lungs to produce rennin
Stimulates the adrenals to produce more aldosterone
End product of beta-oxidation in the mitochondria (fatty acid oxidation) is
Triacylglcyerol
Pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
glycerol
acetyl-CoA
A glycemic index at or below which level is considered “low glycemic”?
75
65
60
55
55
Where is glucagon synthesized?
Large Intestine
Pancreas
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas (Alpha cells)
How many kcal/gram is alcohol?
5
7
9
11
7
Which refers to adding certain vitamins/minerals to specific foods like grains to replace those lost during processing?
Fortification
Enrichment
Enhancement
Supplementation
Enrichement
Which refers to adding vitamin/minerals not lost during processing?
Fortification
Enrichment
Enhancement
Supplementation
Fortification
Which beriberi do these sx belong to: muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness, decreased sensation in fingers/toes?
Dry
Wet
Cerebral
Infantile
Dry
Which beriberi do these associate with: cardiomegaly, tachycardia, right side heart failure, edema?
Dry
Wet
Cerebral
Acute
Wet
Which beriberi occurs in infants and has sx of anorexia, vomiting, lactic acidosis?
Dry
Wet
Acute
Acute
Which B vitamin assists in redox reactions and in reactions that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage?
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Riboflavin
________ is a deficiency characterized by cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, muscle weakness, and confusion.
Beriberi
Pellagra
Ariboflavanosis
Pernicious anemia
Ariboflavanosis (B2 deficiency)
A deficiency of which vitamin can cause “burning feet syndrome”?
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid
Best options for B6 sources?
Chickpeas, fish, and chicken
Broccoli, egga, canola oil
Cheese, pineapple, pasta
Apples, wheat bread, yogurt
Chickpeas, fish, chicken
Normal rec for women of folate is _______mcg/day. Pregnancy rec is _______mcg/day.
200 … 400
400 … 600
600 … 800
400 … 1000
400 … 600mcg/day
In the enterocytes, retinal is
Esterified
Reduced to retinol
Transported into portal blood
made into beta-carotene
Esterified
How do anticoagulant drugs inhibit vitamin K activity?
Stimulate osteocalcin synthesis
Interfere with micelle formation so Vit K not absorbed
Prevents calcium from interacting with Gla residues
Inhibits formation of active form of Vit K
Inhibits formation of Active form of Vit K
Which tissues do PTH and Vit D act on to increase calcium resorption?
Bone
Kidney
Small intestine
Liver
Kidney
Maximum sodium intake for general population?
1500 mg/day
2300
3300
4400
2300 mg/day
What percentage of energy consumption should health adults aim for with lipids?
5-20%
20-35%
35-50%
50-60%
20-35%
Difference between glycemic index and glycemic load accounts for the
Timing of carb consumption
Amt of carbs in the serving
Body weight of person eating it
type of carb consumed
amount of carbs in the serving
White spots on the nails can be a sign of which deficiency?
Vit C
Mg
Zn
B6
Zinc
C-reactive protein
Is produced by kidneys
Is in common blood tests
Monitors metabolic stress
All of the above
monitors metabolic stress
A current weight (of usual body weight) of 86% is considered to be
Healthy
Mild malnutrition
Moderate malnutrition
Severe malnutrition
Mild malnutrition
Which is not a visceral blood marker?
Prealbumin
Glucose
Transferrin
Albumin
Glucose
Which is better predictor of cardiovascular death?
Total cholesterol
LDL to HDL ratio
total cholesterol to LDL ratio
total cholesterol to HDL ratio
total cholesterol to HDL ratio
Serum albumin tests
Are an early indicator of protein malnutrition
Measure parietal protein status
Are a more sensitive indicator than serum transferrin
None of these.
None of these
Low serum albumin concentrations among the elderly suggest a lower set point for albumin synthesis with aging; dietary protein usually is ineffective in increasing serum albumin concentrations in these individuals.
However, available data suggest that a serum albumin concentration <3.5 g/dL is indicative of malnutrition in an elderly individual.
Serum albumin concentration is reflective of body protein reserves; concentrations below 5.5 g/dL usually are suggestive of protein malnutrition, gastrointestinal inflammation, digestive incapacity, edema in extremities, severe acute liver disease, congestive heart failure, eclampsia of pregnancy, or extravascular protein loss due to renal dysfunction. Serum albumin concentrations less than 3.5 g/dL often accompany dehydration or hypothyroidism.
Hemoglobin is an important test that can determine all of these EXCEPT:
Anemia
Protein status
Trace mineral status
All of the above
All of the above
Nutrition diagnosis stands for
Plan, evaluate, signs and symptoms
problem, etiology, signs and symptoms
plan, related to, etiology, and signs
problem, evaluate, signs and symptoms
prolem, etiology, signs and symptoms
Cystic fibrosis patients have significant respiratory difficulties and digestive complications due to a genetic defect that results in the inability to pump which ions across the cell membrane?
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Chloride
Chloride
Leucine antagonizes which nutrient?
B1
B2
B3
B6
B6 (excess leucine can impair the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid)
Which phase of detoxification does the CYP450 enzyme system belong to?
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 1
Which organism is anaerobic and induces nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea approx 8-18 hours after ingestion?
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens
Bacillus cerus
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium perfringes
Which is not a potentially modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?
Anorexia nervosa
Chronically low intake of calcium and vit D
Excessive EtOH consumption
Chronically low intake of vitamins C and B6
Chronically low intake of Vitamins C and B6
End products of bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed CHOS are:
CO2, hydrogen, and pyruvate
Lactic acid, AKG, and CO2
Lactic acid, hydrogen and CH4
SCFAs, hydrogen and CO2
SCFAs, Hydrogen, and CO2
Which percentage of people over 50 are estimated to have osteoporosis?
25
35
45
55
55%
Based on USDA, less than which percent of kcal should be from saturated fat?
20
35
10
15
10
Which has been shown to relieve sx of PMS and menopause?
Aloe vera
EPO
Motherwort
Red Clover
EPO
Most common cause of CKD:
Glomerulonephritis
Diabetic neuropathy
HTN
Kidney stones
Diabetic neuropathy
Which microorganism is likely responsible for acute gastroenteritis 4-6 hours after eating custard pie?
Campylobacter jejuni
Listeria monocytogenes
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
S. aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.
Which is the most common fish related toxin in the USA?
Red Tide
Pufferfish
Ciguatera
Histamine
Ciguatera: Ciguatera is a foodborn illness (food poisoning) caused by eating fish that is contaminated by ciguatera toxin. Ciguatera toxin is a heat-stable lipid soluble compound, produced by dinoflagellates and concentrated in fish organs, that can cause nausea, pain, cardiac, and neurological symptoms in humans when ingested
red tide” is a common term used for a harmful algal bloom. … This bloom, like many HABs, is caused by microscopic algae that produce toxins that kill fish and make shellfish dangerous to eat. The toxins may also make the surrounding air difficult to breathe.
Almost all pufferfish contain tetrodotoxin, a substance that makes them foul tasting and often lethal to fish. To humans, tetrodotoxin is deadly, up to 1,200 times more poisonous than cyanide. There is enough toxin in one pufferfish to kill 30 adult humans, and there is no known antidote.
Food that is high-risk for contributing to foodborne illness includes those that are:
High in protein and acidity
High in protein and water
Low in protein and acidity
Low in water and fat
High in protein and water
Which two minerals are lost in the greatest quantity in sweat?
Magnesium and calcium
Calcium and iron
Zinc and iron
Sodium and Chloride
Sodium and chloride
Of these, which is found in the highest amount in sweat (not necessarily highest overall in sweat, but out of these 4 options)?
Zinc
Copper
Calcium
Magnesium
Calcium
Acetylcholine acts to increase or decrease movement?
Increase
Zantac has significant amounts of which ?
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Sodium
Which are ok egg substitutes?
Fruit puree Tofu Flax Yeast All of the above
All of the above
T2DM, FTO, ADRB3 are SNPs that relate to:
Immune suppression
CVD
Weight management
Cystic Fibrosis
Weight management
Estrogen and testosterone levels are impacted by
Molybdenum
Magnesium
Boron
Selenium
Boron
Richest sources of iron from these options?
lamb
chicken
beef
oysters
oysters
Respiratory quotient for protein…
1
- 5
- 7
- 8
0.8
Which is not associated with a risk of hepatotoxicity?
Comfrey
Valerian
Green tea extract
ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba
For patients with CKD, serum albumin reflects
protein malnutrition
poor nutrient utilization
inflammation
inflammation
Substance P is a neurotransmitter that stimulates pain receptors in the body and
increases sensory awareness and peristalsis
relaxes the LES
decreases motility
regulates blood flow
increases sensory awareness and peristalsis
People with kidney stones related to acidity could ingest high potassium foods for what reason?
those foods reduce serum calcium
potassium competes with oxalates
those foods are highly alkaline
they shouldn’t ingest high potassium foods
the foods are highly alkaline
Amount of iron for pregnant woman?
15mg/d
18mg/d
27mg/d
34 mg/d
27mg/d
Ruling out celiac is important when assessing thyroid disease.
True or False
True
Which bacteria is the primary source of food-borne illness that includes these sx: bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fever?
E coli
Campylobacter jejuni
Listeria
clostridium botulinum
c jejuni (from raw/undercooked meat, shellfish, poultry)
High fat foods are usually not well-tolerated in which condition?
PKU
Cystic fibrosis
IBD
histamine intolerace
CF
In GERD, ____ Lower esophageal sphincter pressure is a likely underlying cause.
Increased
Decreased
Decreased
Which are higher in oxalates?
Organ meats
tomatoes, peppers, eggplants
swiss chard, collards, parsley
potatoes and carrots
swiss chard, collards, parsley
A food and exercise journal is a daily requirement for adolescents who are overweight Stage 1.
True or False
FALSE…it’s stage 2, for obesity treatment
EtOH consumption increases the risk of the following EXCEPT:
prostate cancer
colon cancer
breast cancer
lung cancer
prostate cancer
Iron’s bioavailability is increased by
cobalt
tea
dietary sugars
dietary fibers
dietary sugars
Which nutrient is not expected to be depleted due to an injury?
Mg
Ca
P
K
Ca
What is the protein need for post-op patients in g/kg/day?
0.85-1.5
2-2.5
1.5-2
3-4
1.5-2.0 g/kg/day
Which is likely a cause for respiratory acidosis?
emphysema
meningitis
heart failure
pregnacy
emphysema
Which of these is a calcium-binding protein found in Prevagen that improves memory in those with mild memory impairment?
theanine
lactium
apoaequorin
garum armoricum
apoaequorin
Which vitamin toxicity can induce blurred vision, nausea, and vertigo?
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Vitamin A toxicity
How many servings of fruits/vegetables per day on a DASH diet for HTN?
1-2
3-4
5-7
8-10
8-10
Carrageenan can reduce cholesterol.
true or false
true
A hx of sexual or physical abuse in childhood is most closely linked to
anorexia
bulimia
both anorexia and bulimia
pica
Both
Conclusions: Consistent with previous findings, the present results indicate that the prevalence of CSA is high among individuals seeking inpatient treatment for AN. A history of CSA was associated with greater psychiatric disturbance overall and a higher rate of dropout for patients of the binge-purge subtype.
Soy can be considered a therapeutic food to help with detox pathways.
True or False
True
Which is not an osteoporosis major risk factor?
Using PPIs
Being overweight
Loss of menses
Being underweight
Being overweight
Which is not recommended for cancer patients with altered taste or smell?
use plastic instead of metal utensils
good oral hygiene
eat cooler rather than warmer foods
Avoid marinades and spices
avoid marinades and spices…these are actually helpful
Which doesn’t inhibit non-heme iron?
Tannins
Phosphates
Leucine
Dietary Fiber
Leucine
Enterocytes prefer which of these for fuel?
Butyrate
Glutamine
Fiber
Acetate
Glutamine
Saponins help reduce total cholesterol. They are found in all of these except which?
Tomatoes
Spinach
Cabbage
Legumes
Cabbage
Patient has a pale tongue…which nutrient deficiency is likely?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Iron
Zinc
Iron
Fissured tongues suggests which deficiency?
B3
B2
Vitamin C
Zinc
B2 Riboflavin,
B3 niacin can be red swollen
Which nutrient doesn’t require an increase in daily intake during pregnancy?
Mg
Se
Vit C
Vit E
Vit E does not need to be increased
Absorption of copper can be interfered with by all except
EtOH
Zn
Ca
fructose
calcium
Avoid these food when on MAOIs EXCEPT…
sauerkraut
blue cheese
smoked salmon
soy sauce
smoked salmon
the rest contain vasopressors (dopamine, histamine, tyramine, etc)…fermented foods can react with MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). They are best known as powerful anti-depressants, as well as effective therapeutic agents for panic disorder and social phobia.
Manganese is not useful in which of these?
osteoarthritis pain
wound healing
glutamine production
metabolism of methionine
metabolism of methionine
Measuring head circumference up to 2 years of age..
helps determine if microcephaly is present
helps measure growth
helps measure brain growth indirectly
helps measure brain growth indirectly
Missing teeth and poor dental health is not linked to which
CVD
Pellagra
gluten sensitivity
dysglycemia
Pellagra
Which botanical may soothe the stomach, enhance memory, increase circulation, but also increase bleeding risk in cancer patients?
Hawthron
Gingko biloba
Black cohosh
Ashwagandha
Gingko biloba
Which diagnosis is likely for a woman with the following?
Waist circumference above 35 inches HDL-C under 50 BP above 130/85 Fasting glucose above 100 TGs above 150
Metabolic syndrome
In men, to diagnose metabolic syndrome, waist measurements and HDL-C are different than in women. How so?
A. Waist circumference in men is 40 or above
B. Waist circumference in men is 30 or above
C. HDL-C in men is 40 or less
D. HDL-C in men is 60 or less
E. both A and C
F. Both B and D
E. both A and C
other markers are the same as women, BP 130/85 or greater, Fasting glucose 100 or above, TGs above 150
How many hours before competition should an athlete eat?
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
3-4
Which is not associated with bulimia?
Muscle wasting
Diarrhea
Edema
Salivary gland enlargement
Muscle wasting (This is associated with anorexia)
Which stage is when the client is aware of the problem but ambivalent?
Contemplation
Precontemplation
Preparation
Maintenance
Contemplation
How does nitric oxide affect the GI system?
Relaxes LES
Regulates blood flow, maintains muscle tone and gastric motor activity
Decreases motility and inhibits secretions
Increases sensory awareness and peristalsis
Regulates blood flow, maintains muscle tone, and gastric motor activity
TPP, or thiamin pyrophosphate, is the active form of Thiamin and also known as:
Thiamin Triphosphate
Thiamin monophosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Patients who undergo intestinal resections are at greater risk for oxalate related kidney stones.
True or False
True
Supertasting is a genetic condition.
True or False
True
Raw fruits are typically ok on a Level 3 dysphagia diet.
True or False
False
Which is not at greater risk for Vitamin A toxicity?
Smokers
Those exposed to asbestos
infants
pregnant women
infants
To be labeled low-fat, the product must contain which?
3g of fat or less per serving
5g of fat or less per serving
10g of fat or less
15g or less
3g of fat or less per serving
Reheat poultry to
145
155
165
175
165
Resting Energy Expenditure + thermic effect of activity =
Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
Energy requirements of growth (ERG)
TEE
Thirst is the best indicator for dehydration
True or False
False. already dehydrated by the time thirsty
Which is a cholagogue?
Dandelion
Marshmallow root
Lemon balm
Dandelion
cholagogue is a medicinal agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system, purging it downward.
Maximum time breastmilk can be at room temp?
2 hours
4
6
8
6-8 per Brown text
Selenium RDA for both men and women, in mcg/day
40
55
65
75
55
Of the following, which is most likely a cause of hyperthyroidism?
poor conversion of t3-t4
hypothalamic dysfunction
increased thyroid-binding proteins
tissue resistance to t3
increased thyroid-binding proteins
Which is NOT a neurotoxin or excitotoxin?
carrageenan
yeast extract
smoke extract
cochineal extract
cochineal extract
A deficiency of which is related to poor sperm quality and lower testosterone?
Vitamin A
K
E
D
Vitamin D
Supplementation with which might be beneficial in those with sickle cell anemia?
Mg
Co
Zn
Ca
Zn (it can increase the affinity for oxygen)
Some antacids contain which mineral that can disrupt absorption of certain nutrients (like B2 and folate) due to the increase in intestinal pH it causes?
Potassium
Mg
Iron
Sodium
Mg
Egg dishes should be cooked to which temperature?
140
150
160
170
150
Keshan’s disease is associated with which deficiency?
Magnesium
Copper
Selenium
Calcium
Selenium
Supplementation with antioxidants is an important recommendation with cancer patients.
True or False
FALSE … they discourage antiox use during cancer therapies
Which deficiency does not exacerbate iodine deficiency?
Vit A
Selenium
Iron
Copper
Copper
Which of these is found in apples, seafood, cereals, rice, spinach, grape juice?
Arsenic
Selenium
Nickel
Zinc
Arsenic
Which pH range promotes uric acid stone formation?
above 7
- 6-7
- 5 or below
5.5 or below
Clams and mussels should be cooked until which?
140
150
160
until shells open during cooking
until shells open during cooking
For kids, less than 5th percentile for weight is
Overweight
Underweight
Obese
Normal
Underweight
For kids, the 85-95th percentiles are
Overweight
Underweight
Obese
Normal
Overweight
For kids, 95th percentile or above is
Overweight
Underweight
Obese
Normal
Obese
Serotonin is released in the
CNS
Autonomic System
GI tract and spinal cord
sympathetic nerves
GI tract and spinal cord
What is marked by the 4 D’s: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and sometimes death?
Pellagra
Wernicke’s
Ariboflavanosis
Scurvy
Pellegra
Pyruvate produces which organic acid
Acetate
Lactate
Oxalate
Butyrate
Acetate (which joins with CoA to make acetyl-CoA for krebs)
Which is a response to injury?
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyper
During the first trimester, what happens to caloric needs for women?
They increase
They Decrease
Stay the same
stay the same
Which is not a sign of Selenium toxicity?
Skin rashes
Brittle hair/nails
garlic breath
bleeding gums
bleeding gums
Are gallstones a typical complication of ulcerative colitis?
Yes or No
NO
Which mineral is found in almonds, pecans, lima beans, pinto beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy vegetables, pineapple, acai, and dark chocolate?
Ca
Fe
Mg
Mn
Mn
Accurate way to assess iron status in renal failure?
Serum ferritin
Transferrin saturation
Both
Both
Which increases copper excretion in urine and can be used to treat Wilson’s disease when Copper is in excess?
Se
Mo
Zn
Fe
Mo
Vitamin D requirement INCREASE during pregnancy.
True or False
False
Which type of diarrhea is common with Crohn’s?
Secretory diarrhea
Exudative diarrhea
Bacterial diarrhea
Limited mucosal contact diarrhea
Limited mucosal contact diarrhea due to limited mixing of chyme in intestinal epithelium
Which food contains flavoproteins, catalse, and livetin?
Grains
Eggs
Meats
Eggs
Normal blood pH
- 25-7.35
- 35-7.45
- 45-7.55
- 55-7.65
7.35-7.45
Who is most at risk for osteomalacia?
Post menopausal women
Children
Elderly
Athletes
Children
Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium
Colostrum’s Vitamin A content is _____ that of mature milk.
Less than
The same as
2 times
3 times
2 times the concentration
Which calming herb is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy?
Chamomile
Lavender
Hops
Valerian
Lavender.
the others are not appropriate during pregnancy
Protein requirement for 2nd and 3rd trimester pregnancy in g/kg/day?
0.8
0.9
1
1.10
1.10 g/kg/d
Protein requirement for 1st trimester pregnancy in g/kg/day?
0.8
0.9
1
1.10
0.8
Legumes create which for renal load?
Alkalinity
Acidity
Alkalinity
Starvation includes all but 1 of these metabolic responses, which does it not include?
Increased glycogenolysis
increased ketone body production
Increased ureagenesis
decreased gluconeogenesis
increased ureagenesis
In starvation, ureagenesis is DECREASED
Formation of urea, usually referring to the metabolism of amino acids to urea.
Preferred fuel source for COLONOCYTES?
Glutamine
Butyrate
Arginine
Fiber
Butyrate
COLONOCYTES An epithelial cell of the colon.
Which should not be supplemented during end stage renal disease? (3 answers)
Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin E
A, E, and K
What would labs look like with a patient who has anemia of chronic disease?
Ferritin - normal, low or high
Serum iron - low or high
TIBC - low or high
Ferritin = normal or high
Serum iron = low
TIBC = low
Which mineral has an inverse relationship to C-reactive protein levels?
Ca
Mg
Zn
Cu
Mg – anti-inflammatory
Which food type is the most prevalent in the macrobiotic diet?
Vegetables
Seafood
Whole grains
Plant protein
Whole grains
You should pour oils directly into the pan from the container.
True or false
False. The steam or heat from the pan could damage the oils in the container.
How long can you keep a turkey in the freezer?
3 months
6
9
12
12 months
Which test is not useful for PCOS investigation?
Iron
Leptin
Testosterone
Fasting Glucose
Iron
Hot-dogs and deli meat need to be cooked to an internal temp of what for those in at-risk populations?
145
155
165
175
165
Which is low FODMAP?
Coconut
Brazil nuts
almonds
cashews
Brazil nuts
Diuretic use can lead to Metabolic
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Alkalosis .. due to increasing urinary acid excretion
Which is likely associated with raw milk?
E coli
C jejuni
C botulinum
Norovirus
C jejuni
Allostasis does not occur through which of these?
Somatic nervous system
Cytokines
HPA-axis hormones
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system….it affects peripheral voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Allostasis: the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis.
All of these are intestinal gases except which?
N2
H2
CH4
SO2
SO2
Which substance, when given IV, does not push potassium into cells?
Insulin
Glucose
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Calcium
Respiratory quotient for fat is
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 0
0.7
The hypothalamus produces which appetite stimulant and glucose regulator (it’s a neurotransmitter)?
CRF
Ghrelin
Dopamine
Orexin (hypocretin)
Orexin (hypocretin) regulates arousal, wakefulness, glucose, and appetite
Concurrent ingestion of which reduces bioavailability of iron?
Dietary amino acids
Dietary sugars
Manganese
Vitamin C
Manganese
Taking a calcium supplement with a meal will affect urinary calcium, urinary citrate, and urinary oxalate how?
Increase or decrease urinary Ca
Increase or decrease Urinary citrate
Increase or decrease Urinary oxalate
Increase Urinary Ca
Increase urinary citrate
Decrease oxalate
What is the protein requirement for renal failure when NOT undergoing dialysis?
0.25-.0.5 g/kg/d
0.5-0.8 g/kg/d
0.75-.0.95 g/kg/d
1-2 g/kg/d
0.5-0.8 g/kg/d
Protein requirements are LESS for non-dialysis patients
Prior to initiation of hemodialysis, restriction of dietary protein intake to 0.6 g protein/kg daily may delay the need for dialysis. Replacement of some protein with alpha- keto- analogues of essential amino acids may aid the preservation of body nitrogen stores when low total protein intakes are necessary. Individuals receiving hemodialysis should receive 1.1 to 1.3 g protein/kg daily. At least 50% of this protein should be of high biological value.
Hypophosphatemia can be caused by excess PTH
True or False
True
Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. Complications may include seizures, coma, rhabdomyolysis, or softening of the bones
Which is a brush border enzymes?
Lactase
Protease
HCL
Amylase
Lactase
brush border enzymes (such as sucrase, lactase and maltase)
