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Primary Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of specialised cells with a distinct function

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2
Q

what are the advantages of tissues?

A

there is a division of labour and coordinated function for tissues which makes larger organisms possible and helps with support and mobility due to the exploitation of resources

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3
Q

what does each cell contain?

A

the genome present in the first cell of the embryo

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4
Q

what is selective expression?

A

most body cells only express a subset of the genes in the genome to provide distinct characteristics for each cell type

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5
Q

examples of cell types in our body…

A

muscle cells - express genes for filamentous contractile proteins actin and myosin
red blood cells - express genes for haemoglobin production then lose all genes and intracellular organelles

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6
Q

what is the originator cell called?

A

stem cell

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7
Q

what happens to a stem cell?

A

undergoes asymmetric division although the stem cell line continues so there is always a stem cell at the end along with new sets of genes/proteins expressed to produce differentiated cells

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8
Q

what is gene expression regulated by?

A

transcription factors

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9
Q

what do transcription factors do?

A

act in different combinations to determine the path of differentiation

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10
Q

where are stem cells found? (2)

A

early embryo - pluripotent and in tissue - tissue specific

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11
Q

what can a totipotent cell do?

A

forms all types of cell at any stage in development

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12
Q

what can a pluripotent cell do?

A

make a number of different cells but not all and gives rise to all cell types in the adult body

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13
Q

what are the 4 basic types of body tissue?

A

epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, neural tissue

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14
Q

what is an organ?

A

a number of tissues grouped together

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15
Q

different cell types will have different… (5)

A

shape, organelles and surface structures, binding and association between cells, arrangement and location of cells and extracellular components

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16
Q

what do epithelial tissues do?

A

cover surfaces with sheets of cells

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17
Q

what is the function of epithelial cells? (5)

A

secretion, absorption, transport, barrier/protection, strength/support

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18
Q

what do burns to the skin do?

A

cause loss of skin barrier function with the dangers being fluid loss and infection

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19
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics… (4)

A

cover surfaces but vary in shape, show surface modifications/adaptations eg microvilli/cilia, bound to each other by specialised junctions and adhesion molecules, sit on specialised layer of extracellular matrix - basement membrane

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20
Q

what junctions exist between epithelial cells? (4)

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions and adherens junctions

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21
Q

what is the function of a tight junction?

A

sealing

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22
Q

what is the function of a desmosome?

A

strengthen cell links

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23
Q

what is the function of a gap junction?

A

connect cytosols of adjacent cells for very small molecules

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24
Q

what is the function of an adherens junction?

A

spots of connection linking movement proteins eg actin

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25
what is the purpose of nervous tissue?
collects, processes/integrates and sends information (for local and distant cellular communication)
26
what is a neurone?
separate elongated secretory cells that secrete signals by exocytosis at the apex/axon for the dendrite/base to receive information on the next neurone
27
how do synaptic vesicles release chemical signals?
exocytosis
28
the post synaptic membrane has...
receptors that can pass on/inhibit signals
29
what does an axon do?
directs stimulus away from cell
30
what does a dendrite do?
directs stimulus towards cell
31
secretion occurs...
at the end of axons into specialised intercellular gaps called synapses
32
what is an exon ending bulb?
the site of chemical neurotransmitter release
33
what is myelination?
the production/development of a myelin sheath around an axon
34
the myelin sheath is..
discontinuous with periodic gaps
35
what is an internode?
the fatty sheaths surrounding the axon
36
what is a node of Ranvier?
the gap between internodes
37
what is the purpose of myelination?
enhances conduction
38
peripheral nervous system myelination...
one Schwann cell builds one internode
39
central nervous system myelination...
one oligodendrocyte builds a number of internodes
40
what are the 4 glial cells of the CNS?
oligodendrocytes (myelination), astrocytes, microglia, ependyma (lining of CNS cavities)
41
what are the 2 glial cells of the PNS?
Schwann cells (myelination) and satellite cells (support cells in ganglia)
42
what are astrocytes (star cells) for?
metabolic and mechanical support that are also in star tissue
43
what do microglial ells do?
they are the macrophages of the CNS system and perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation on dying neuron or glial cell
44
what is skeletal muscle?
striated and coordinates contraction that is voluntary (reflexes)
45
what is cardiac muscle?
striated, coordinated contraction that is involuntary
46
the strong junctions in the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle...
allow ionic/structural linkages that allow cells to work and contract together (heartbeat)
47
features of smooth muscle... (4)
non-striated and produces coordinated contraction, involuntary, cells are spindle shaped although borders are rarely seen, no striking ordered arrays of actin or myosin
48
what is smooth muscle responsible for? (6)
peristalsis in gut, urinary, reproductive, gut and respiratory systems and blood vessels
49
what are examples of connective tissues? (4)
fibrocollagenous tissues cartilage, bone, teeth adipose tissue (white fat) blood
50
what is a major feature of connective tissue?
is a mix of different cells and extracellular matrix
51
what does the extracellular matrix contain? (3)
fibrous protein structural carbohydrates and protein mineral deposits
52
what is the function of connective tissue? (4)
strength, support, cushioning, flexibility
53
where is loose fibrocollagenous tissue found?
around epithelia/organs
54
loose fibrocollagneous tissue...
is made of type 1 collagen and is surrounded by lots of cells, water and structural carbohydrates
55
where is dense fibrocollagenous tissue found?
tendons and ligaments
56
dense fibrocollagneous tissue...
is made of type 1 collagen
57
where is reticular fibrocollagneous tissue found?
liver and lymph nodes
58
reticular fibrocollagneous tissue...
is made of type 3 collagen
59
what are the cells in fibrocollagenous tissue? (6)
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, stem cells, blood cells and adipocytes
60
fibroblasts synthesise...
fibrous proteins eg collagen, elastins and extracellular matrix components
61
name an exracellular matrix component?
proteoglycans
62
macrophages...
phagocytose foreign bodies/organisms and present antigens to stimulate immune cells
63
mast cells synthesise...
histamine and other mediators of inflammation
64
plasma cells synthesise...
antibodies (mature B cells)
65
stem cells replace and regulate...
fibroblast and other cell numbers
66
what does cartilage do?
brings flexibility, smooth joint movement and strength
67
cartilage types... (3)
elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage
68
properties and examples of elastic cartilage...
flexible made of elastin and found in external ear
69
properties and examples of hyaline cartilage...
impact resistant, durable, low friction found in joint surfaces and trachea
70
properties and examples of fibrocartilage...
strong made of collagen 1 and found in invertebral discs, knee joint menisci
71
composition of hyaline cartilage...
composed of chondrocyte cells with the extracellular matrix being proteoglycans, collagen (mainly type 2), 60-80% weight in water but no blood vessels
72
purpose of bone... (3)
skeletal support, mineral store (calcium) and blood formation
73
what is trabecular bone?
long bone head
74
what is compact bone?
long bone cylinder
75
what are the cells involved in maintaining bone called?
osteocytes - embedded in bone structure
76
what does bone's extracellular matrix contain? (3)
framework of collagen fibres mineralised with calcium salts, proteoglycans, blood vessels
77
how is compact bone arranged?
cylindrically in Haversian systems
78
what is an osteoclast?
large macrophage-like cell that digests bone
79
what is an osteoblast?
used for bone formation and laying down framework and becomes trapped as osteocytes
80
what is white fat for?
energy storage, insulation protection
81
what is brown fat for?
heat production
82
white cell composition...
a single droplet of fat occupies most of the cell and the nucleus and cytoplasm is squeezed into the periphery of the cell
83
what does leptin do?
signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat
84
how does brown fat make heat?
by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
85
properties of brown fat and its placement in the body?
contains multiple globules of fat and is located in the upper trunk region

Week 2 (7 decks)

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