Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 2 > Primary Tissue Types > Flashcards

Primary Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of specialised cells with a distinct function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the advantages of tissues?

A

there is a division of labour and coordinated function for tissues which makes larger organisms possible and helps with support and mobility due to the exploitation of resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does each cell contain?

A

the genome present in the first cell of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is selective expression?

A

most body cells only express a subset of the genes in the genome to provide distinct characteristics for each cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of cell types in our body…

A

muscle cells - express genes for filamentous contractile proteins actin and myosin
red blood cells - express genes for haemoglobin production then lose all genes and intracellular organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the originator cell called?

A

stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens to a stem cell?

A

undergoes asymmetric division although the stem cell line continues so there is always a stem cell at the end along with new sets of genes/proteins expressed to produce differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is gene expression regulated by?

A

transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do transcription factors do?

A

act in different combinations to determine the path of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where are stem cells found? (2)

A

early embryo - pluripotent and in tissue - tissue specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what can a totipotent cell do?

A

forms all types of cell at any stage in development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can a pluripotent cell do?

A

make a number of different cells but not all and gives rise to all cell types in the adult body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 basic types of body tissue?

A

epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, neural tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an organ?

A

a number of tissues grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

different cell types will have different… (5)

A

shape, organelles and surface structures, binding and association between cells, arrangement and location of cells and extracellular components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do epithelial tissues do?

A

cover surfaces with sheets of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of epithelial cells? (5)

A

secretion, absorption, transport, barrier/protection, strength/support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do burns to the skin do?

A

cause loss of skin barrier function with the dangers being fluid loss and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics… (4)

A

cover surfaces but vary in shape, show surface modifications/adaptations eg microvilli/cilia, bound to each other by specialised junctions and adhesion molecules, sit on specialised layer of extracellular matrix - basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what junctions exist between epithelial cells? (4)

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions and adherens junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of a tight junction?

A

sealing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function of a desmosome?

A

strengthen cell links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of a gap junction?

A

connect cytosols of adjacent cells for very small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of an adherens junction?

A

spots of connection linking movement proteins eg actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the purpose of nervous tissue?

A

collects, processes/integrates and sends information (for local and distant cellular communication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a neurone?

A

separate elongated secretory cells that secrete signals by exocytosis at the apex/axon for the dendrite/base to receive information on the next neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do synaptic vesicles release chemical signals?

A

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the post synaptic membrane has…

A

receptors that can pass on/inhibit signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does an axon do?

A

directs stimulus away from cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does a dendrite do?

A

directs stimulus towards cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

secretion occurs…

A

at the end of axons into specialised intercellular gaps called synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is an exon ending bulb?

A

the site of chemical neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is myelination?

A

the production/development of a myelin sheath around an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the myelin sheath is..

A

discontinuous with periodic gaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is an internode?

A

the fatty sheaths surrounding the axon

36
Q

what is a node of Ranvier?

A

the gap between internodes

37
Q

what is the purpose of myelination?

A

enhances conduction

38
Q

peripheral nervous system myelination…

A

one Schwann cell builds one internode

39
Q

central nervous system myelination…

A

one oligodendrocyte builds a number of internodes

40
Q

what are the 4 glial cells of the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes (myelination), astrocytes, microglia, ependyma (lining of CNS cavities)

41
Q

what are the 2 glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells (myelination) and satellite cells (support cells in ganglia)

42
Q

what are astrocytes (star cells) for?

A

metabolic and mechanical support that are also in star tissue

43
Q

what do microglial ells do?

A

they are the macrophages of the CNS system and perform phagocytosis and antigen presentation on dying neuron or glial cell

44
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

striated and coordinates contraction that is voluntary (reflexes)

45
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

striated, coordinated contraction that is involuntary

46
Q

the strong junctions in the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle…

A

allow ionic/structural linkages that allow cells to work and contract together (heartbeat)

47
Q

features of smooth muscle… (4)

A

non-striated and produces coordinated contraction, involuntary, cells are spindle shaped although borders are rarely seen, no striking ordered arrays of actin or myosin

48
Q

what is smooth muscle responsible for? (6)

A

peristalsis in gut, urinary, reproductive, gut and respiratory systems and blood vessels

49
Q

what are examples of connective tissues? (4)

A

fibrocollagenous tissues
cartilage, bone, teeth
adipose tissue (white fat)
blood

50
Q

what is a major feature of connective tissue?

A

is a mix of different cells and extracellular matrix

51
Q

what does the extracellular matrix contain? (3)

A

fibrous protein
structural carbohydrates and protein
mineral deposits

52
Q

what is the function of connective tissue? (4)

A

strength, support, cushioning, flexibility

53
Q

where is loose fibrocollagenous tissue found?

A

around epithelia/organs

54
Q

loose fibrocollagneous tissue…

A

is made of type 1 collagen and is surrounded by lots of cells, water and structural carbohydrates

55
Q

where is dense fibrocollagenous tissue found?

A

tendons and ligaments

56
Q

dense fibrocollagneous tissue…

A

is made of type 1 collagen

57
Q

where is reticular fibrocollagneous tissue found?

A

liver and lymph nodes

58
Q

reticular fibrocollagneous tissue…

A

is made of type 3 collagen

59
Q

what are the cells in fibrocollagenous tissue? (6)

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, stem cells, blood cells and adipocytes

60
Q

fibroblasts synthesise…

A

fibrous proteins eg collagen, elastins and extracellular matrix components

61
Q

name an exracellular matrix component?

A

proteoglycans

62
Q

macrophages…

A

phagocytose foreign bodies/organisms and present antigens to stimulate immune cells

63
Q

mast cells synthesise…

A

histamine and other mediators of inflammation

64
Q

plasma cells synthesise…

A

antibodies (mature B cells)

65
Q

stem cells replace and regulate…

A

fibroblast and other cell numbers

66
Q

what does cartilage do?

A

brings flexibility, smooth joint movement and strength

67
Q

cartilage types… (3)

A

elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage

68
Q

properties and examples of elastic cartilage…

A

flexible made of elastin and found in external ear

69
Q

properties and examples of hyaline cartilage…

A

impact resistant, durable, low friction found in joint surfaces and trachea

70
Q

properties and examples of fibrocartilage…

A

strong made of collagen 1 and found in invertebral discs, knee joint menisci

71
Q

composition of hyaline cartilage…

A

composed of chondrocyte cells with the extracellular matrix being proteoglycans, collagen (mainly type 2), 60-80% weight in water but no blood vessels

72
Q

purpose of bone… (3)

A

skeletal support, mineral store (calcium) and blood formation

73
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

long bone head

74
Q

what is compact bone?

A

long bone cylinder

75
Q

what are the cells involved in maintaining bone called?

A

osteocytes - embedded in bone structure

76
Q

what does bone’s extracellular matrix contain? (3)

A

framework of collagen fibres mineralised with calcium salts, proteoglycans, blood vessels

77
Q

how is compact bone arranged?

A

cylindrically in Haversian systems

78
Q

what is an osteoclast?

A

large macrophage-like cell that digests bone

79
Q

what is an osteoblast?

A

used for bone formation and laying down framework and becomes trapped as osteocytes

80
Q

what is white fat for?

A

energy storage, insulation protection

81
Q

what is brown fat for?

A

heat production

82
Q

white cell composition…

A

a single droplet of fat occupies most of the cell and the nucleus and cytoplasm is squeezed into the periphery of the cell

83
Q

what does leptin do?

A

signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat

84
Q

how does brown fat make heat?

A

by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

85
Q

properties of brown fat and its placement in the body?

A

contains multiple globules of fat and is located in the upper trunk region

Week 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions