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Week 2 > MS System: Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

MS System: Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

how many joints are in the body?

A

230

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2
Q

how many joints are in each hand and foot?

A

27

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of joint?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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4
Q

what is the difference between the 3 kinds of joint?

A

the nature of the material between the bones

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5
Q

how much movement in fibrous joints?

A

none

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6
Q

what are 2 examples of fibrous joints?

A

suture joints of the skull and teeth

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7
Q

the development of the skull…

A

in 8 parts until after birth where they fuse after 24 months into interconnecting plates of skull with rigidity and strength

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8
Q

what are the 2 names given to the joint that is very strong and does not move?

A

synchondrosis joint or primary cartilaginous joint

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9
Q

examples of synchondrosis joint? (2)

A

costal cartilages and ribs, epiphyseal plates in growing bones

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10
Q

what are the 2 names that are given the joints that allow limited movement?

A

symphyses or secondary cartilaginous joints

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11
Q

examples of symphyses joints? (3)

A

joints of sternum, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

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12
Q

where are symphyses joints found?

A

midline of axial skeleton

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13
Q

what is the name given to joints that allow free movement?

A

synovial joints

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14
Q

what is the fibrous capsule composed of?

A

collagen fibres

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15
Q

where might the collagen fibres of the fibrous capsule be thickened?

A

along lines of stress

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16
Q

how are ligaments formed?

A

through the thickening of the collagen fibres of the fibrous capsule

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17
Q

what do ligaments do?

A

restrict movement that protects the joint from damage eg sprained ankle

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18
Q

where is an intrinsic ligament found?

A

as part of the capsule

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19
Q

where is extrinsic ligament found?

A

outside the capsule eg knee with ligament that holds the patella in place

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20
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage that creates frictionless surfaces and has a poor blood supply

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21
Q

what is synovial membrane?

A

collagenous tissue that lines the fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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22
Q

what does synovial fluid consist of? (3)

A

hyaluronic acid, lubricin, a small number of phagocytic cells

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23
Q

what does synovial fluid do? (3)

A

reduces friction between articular surfaces, provides nutrients and oxygen for articular cartilage and removes waste

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24
Q

how does the alignment of glycoprotein molecules change in synovial fluid?

A

with exercise, exercise decrease viscosity so lubrication improves (thixotropic)

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25
Q

what is another name for the intra-articular disc?

A

meniscus

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26
Q

what are intra-articular discs made of?

A

fibro-cartilage

27
Q

where are intra-articular discs found?

A

in joints where there are rotary movements

28
Q

what are bursae?

A

closed sacs lined with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid

29
Q

where are bursae found?

A

where friction occurs eg between bone + skin and tendons + bone

30
Q

what are synovial sheaths?

A

specialised bursae that surround tendons there they are subject to pressure

31
Q

where are synovial sheaths found?

A

in tendons found in the hand and foot

32
Q

what joint allows movement in 3 planes?

A

ball and socket

33
Q

what joint allows movement in 1 plane?

A

hinge

34
Q

what factors influence stability? (3)

A

shape of bones, strength and position of ligaments, tone of surrounding muscle

35
Q

what to tendons do?

A

connect the muscle to the bone

36
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

a degenerative disease, wear and tear

37
Q

what does osteoarthritis effect?

A

the articular cartilage and weight bearing joints

38
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

autoimmune disease that can affect all synovial joints

39
Q

what does rheumatoid arthritis do?

A

changes in synovium lead to destruction of the articular cartilage

40
Q

how many muscles are in the body?

A

650 (approx 40% body weight)

41
Q

by how much do muscles shorten by when their cells are stimulated by nerves?

A

a third of their length

42
Q

what kind of tissue is muscle?

A

primary

43
Q

name the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal, visceral and cardiac

44
Q

skeletal muscle is…

A

voluntary and striated

45
Q

visceral muscle is…

A

involuntary and smooth

46
Q

cardiac muscle is…

A

involuntary and striated

47
Q

components of the leg from surface inwards… (5)

A

skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, muscle, bone

48
Q

what does deep fascia do?

A

divides the limb into compartments eg anterior and posterior in the arm

49
Q

compartments contain groups of muscles that…

A

share a function

50
Q

within a functional group there is… (3)

A

prime mover, synergists, antagonists

51
Q

what does a prime mover do?

A

the main participant in a movement

52
Q

what does a synergist do?

A

other muscles in the group that work with prime mover

53
Q

what does an antagonist do?

A

opposes the movement of the primer mover which gives stability and resistance

54
Q

how are muscle fibres arranged?

A

into bundles or fasiculi

55
Q

what are muscles associated with?

A

extensive connective tissue coverings that support nerves and capillaries

56
Q

what is the epimysium?

A

the dense sheath on the surface surrounding all the fascicles

57
Q

what is the perimysium?

A

lies between the fasiculi

58
Q

what is the endomysium?

A

separates the muscle fibres

59
Q

what does the myosatellite cells give rise to?

A

myoblasts

60
Q

what do myoblasts mature into?

A

myocytes

61
Q

what inhibits the process of differentiation?

A

myostatin

62
Q

muscle consists of cells that when stimulated by nerves…

A

contract causing tension bringing about movement at synovial joints

63
Q

where are the 2 places muscle can attach to?

A

directly to periosteum via fleshy muscle fibre or indirectly to periosteum via tendons

Week 2 (7 decks)

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