MS System: Joints and Muscles

Question 1

how many joints are in the body?

Answer 1

230

Question 2

how many joints are in each hand and foot?

Answer 2

27

Question 3

what are the 3 types of joint?

Answer 3

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 4

what is the difference between the 3 kinds of joint?

Answer 4

the nature of the material between the bones

Question 5

how much movement in fibrous joints?

Answer 5

none

Question 6

what are 2 examples of fibrous joints?

Answer 6

suture joints of the skull and teeth

Question 7

the development of the skull…

Answer 7

in 8 parts until after birth where they fuse after 24 months into interconnecting plates of skull with rigidity and strength

Question 8

what are the 2 names given to the joint that is very strong and does not move?

Answer 8

synchondrosis joint or primary cartilaginous joint

Question 9

examples of synchondrosis joint? (2)

Answer 9

costal cartilages and ribs, epiphyseal plates in growing bones

Question 10

what are the 2 names that are given the joints that allow limited movement?

Answer 10

symphyses or secondary cartilaginous joints

Question 11

examples of symphyses joints? (3)

Answer 11

joints of sternum, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 12

where are symphyses joints found?

Answer 12

midline of axial skeleton

Question 13

what is the name given to joints that allow free movement?

Answer 13

synovial joints

Question 14

what is the fibrous capsule composed of?

Answer 14

collagen fibres

Question 15

where might the collagen fibres of the fibrous capsule be thickened?

Answer 15

along lines of stress

Question 16

how are ligaments formed?

Answer 16

through the thickening of the collagen fibres of the fibrous capsule

Question 17

what do ligaments do?

Answer 17

restrict movement that protects the joint from damage eg sprained ankle

Question 18

where is an intrinsic ligament found?

Answer 18

as part of the capsule

Question 19

where is extrinsic ligament found?

Answer 19

outside the capsule eg knee with ligament that holds the patella in place

Question 20

what is articular cartilage?

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage that creates frictionless surfaces and has a poor blood supply

Question 21

what is synovial membrane?

Answer 21

collagenous tissue that lines the fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid

Question 22

what does synovial fluid consist of? (3)

Answer 22

hyaluronic acid, lubricin, a small number of phagocytic cells

Question 23

what does synovial fluid do? (3)

Answer 23

reduces friction between articular surfaces, provides nutrients and oxygen for articular cartilage and removes waste

Question 24

how does the alignment of glycoprotein molecules change in synovial fluid?

Answer 24

with exercise, exercise decrease viscosity so lubrication improves (thixotropic)

Question 25

what is another name for the intra-articular disc?

Answer 25

meniscus

Question 26

what are intra-articular discs made of?

Answer 26

fibro-cartilage

Question 27

where are intra-articular discs found?

Answer 27

in joints where there are rotary movements

Question 28

what are bursae?

Answer 28

closed sacs lined with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid

Question 29

where are bursae found?

Answer 29

where friction occurs eg between bone + skin and tendons + bone

Question 30

what are synovial sheaths?

Answer 30

specialised bursae that surround tendons there they are subject to pressure

Question 31

where are synovial sheaths found?

Answer 31

in tendons found in the hand and foot

Question 32

what joint allows movement in 3 planes?

Answer 32

ball and socket

Question 33

what joint allows movement in 1 plane?

Answer 33

hinge

Question 34

what factors influence stability? (3)

Answer 34

shape of bones, strength and position of ligaments, tone of surrounding muscle

Question 35

what to tendons do?

Answer 35

connect the muscle to the bone

Question 36

what is osteoarthritis?

Answer 36

a degenerative disease, wear and tear

Question 37

what does osteoarthritis effect?

Answer 37

the articular cartilage and weight bearing joints

Question 38

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 38

autoimmune disease that can affect all synovial joints

Question 39

what does rheumatoid arthritis do?

Answer 39

changes in synovium lead to destruction of the articular cartilage

Question 40

how many muscles are in the body?

Answer 40

650 (approx 40% body weight)

Question 41

by how much do muscles shorten by when their cells are stimulated by nerves?

Answer 41

a third of their length

Question 42

what kind of tissue is muscle?

Answer 42

primary

Question 43

name the 3 types of muscle

Answer 43

skeletal, visceral and cardiac

Question 44

skeletal muscle is...

Answer 44

voluntary and striated

Question 45

visceral muscle is...

Answer 45

involuntary and smooth

Question 46

cardiac muscle is...

Answer 46

involuntary and striated

Question 47

components of the leg from surface inwards... (5)

Answer 47

skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, muscle, bone

Question 48

what does deep fascia do?

Answer 48

divides the limb into compartments eg anterior and posterior in the arm

Question 49

compartments contain groups of muscles that...

Answer 49

share a function

Question 50

within a functional group there is... (3)

Answer 50

prime mover, synergists, antagonists

Question 51

what does a prime mover do?

Answer 51

the main participant in a movement

Question 52

what does a synergist do?

Answer 52

other muscles in the group that work with prime mover

Question 53

what does an antagonist do?

Answer 53

opposes the movement of the primer mover which gives stability and resistance

Question 54

how are muscle fibres arranged?

Answer 54

into bundles or fasiculi

Question 55

what are muscles associated with?

Answer 55

extensive connective tissue coverings that support nerves and capillaries

Question 56

what is the epimysium?

Answer 56

the dense sheath on the surface surrounding all the fascicles

Question 57

what is the perimysium?

Answer 57

lies between the fasiculi

Question 58

what is the endomysium?

Answer 58

separates the muscle fibres

Question 59

what does the myosatellite cells give rise to?

Answer 59

myoblasts

Question 60

what do myoblasts mature into?

Answer 60

myocytes

Question 61

what inhibits the process of differentiation?

Answer 61

myostatin

Question 62

muscle consists of cells that when stimulated by nerves...

Answer 62

contract causing tension bringing about movement at synovial joints

Question 63

where are the 2 places muscle can attach to?

Answer 63

directly to periosteum via fleshy muscle fibre or indirectly to periosteum via tendons