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Week 2 > Epithelial Tissues: Structure and Function > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues: Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

what disease can have abnormal epithelial function? (4)

A

breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, cholera, atherosclerosis

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2
Q

breast cancer…

A

abnormal proliferation of epithelial cells (1 in 8 women)

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3
Q

cystic fibrosis…

A

defective epithelial chloride ion transport (1 in 2500 live births)

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4
Q

cholera…

A

enhanced activation of epithelial chloride ion transport in GI tract

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5
Q

atherosclerosis…

A

superficial injury to epithelial lining of blood vessels causing cardiovascular disease (40% of UK population will die as a result of associated complications with atherosclerosis)

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6
Q

what is epithelia? (2)

A

cells that cover or line all of the body surfaces, tubes and cavities and they form the interfaces between different physiological fluid compartments

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7
Q

interfaces… (5)

A 
body tissue + environment = skin
blood + tissues = blood vessel wall
gut + tissues = gut wall
air + blood = lungs, alveoli
blood + brain = blood-brain barrier
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8
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelia? (3)

A

cells are in intimate contact and may be connected by tight junctions, epithelial cells are separated from underlying tissue by basement membrane (BM) and cells undergo rapid division to replace those continually lost from the surface

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9
Q

what are tumours developing from epithelial cells called?

A

carcinomas

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10
Q

what are the different shapes of the cells? (3)

A

columnar = apex next to lumen, base at basal part of cell
cuboidal
squamous

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11
Q

what colour are the cells stained? (2)

A

nucleus - blue, cytoplasm - pink

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12
Q

simple epithelia in cells… (2)

A

have one layer, all cells are in direct contact with lumen and BM

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13
Q

where are simple epithelia found? (3)

A

areas in the body where there is: diffusion, absorption, secretion

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14
Q

stratified epithelia in cells… (3)

A

multiple layers, have cells in contact with BM - basal, have cells in contact with lumen - apical

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15
Q

where are stratified epithelia found?

A

in sites where there is need for protection eg bladder, oesophagus, stomach

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16
Q

where are simple squamous cells found?

A

blood vessels

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17
Q

where are simple columnar cells found?

A

GI tract

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18
Q

where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

kidney tubule

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19
Q

where are stratified squamous cells found?

A

skin

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20
Q

where are stratified cuboidal cells found?

A

reproductive system

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21
Q

where are pseudostratified columnar cells found?

A

respiratory

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22
Q

what are transitional cells?

A

layers of a mixture of different shapes of cells

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23
Q

where are transitional cells found?

A

bladder

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24
Q

what type of function have one layer of cells?

A

exchange, transported, ciliated

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25
Q

what shape are exchange cells?

A

squamous

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26
Q

what are features of exchange cells?

A

have pores between cells to allow passage of molecules

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27
Q

where are exchange cells found?

A

lung; blood vessels

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28
Q

what shape are transporting cells?

A

cuboidal or columnar

29
Q

what are features of transporting cells?

A

tight junctions limit movement between cells

30
Q

where are transporting cells found?

A

intestine; kidney

31
Q

what shape are ciliated cells?

A

cuboidal or columnar

32
Q

what are features of ciliated cells?

A

cilia move fluid across surface

33
Q

where are ciliated cells found?

A

trachea; female reproductive tract

34
Q

what type of function have many layers of cells?

A

protective, secretory

35
Q

what shape are protective cells?

A

squamous on surface, polygonal in deeper layers

36
Q

what are features of protective cells?

A

cells tightly connected by desmosomes

37
Q

where are protective cells found?

A

skin, mouth

38
Q

what shape are secretory cells?

A

columnar to polygonal

39
Q

what are features of secretory cells?

A

extensive rough ER (proteins) or smooth ER (steroids)

40
Q

features of single squamous epithelium… (5)

A 
single layer of flattened cells
cells are thin with central nucleus
pavement-like appearance
irregular shape
no gaps between each other
41
Q

what is the mesothelium?

A

single squamous epithelium lining body cavities (serous membranes)

42
Q

what is endothelium?

A

single squamous epithelium lining blood vessels

43
Q

what is the purpose of simple columnar epithelium in the lining of the small intestine? (2)

A

increase surface area for absorption

mucus secretion to lubricate gut contents

44
Q

what are the 3 levels of folding to increase surface area?

A
  1. large folds - visible to naked eye
  2. microscopic villi - covered by a simple columnar epithelium
  3. microvilli - modifications to apical surface of the epithelial cells, visible only using electron microscopes
45
Q

what are the 3 surface modifications of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. apical surface of each cell is covered by several hundreds of microvilli forming a brush border that mucus adheres to
  2. goblet cells with intensely staining mucus released to lubricate gut content
  3. BM that separates epithelial cells from underlying tissue
46
Q

what stain is used to colour the mucus in the small intestine?

A

high power small intestine PAS stain for glycoprotein

47
Q

what 3 cell types are in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract?

A

goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells, basal cell (rapid regeneration from below)

48
Q

what is the name for flattened cells that are worn off and shed from the surface?

A

desquamation

49
Q

why does stratified squamous epithelium line the oesophagus?

A

protects underlying tissue from abrasion

50
Q

wet epithelium…

A

stratified squamous epithelium that is subject to abrasion but not dehydration eg vagina, anal canal, mouth

51
Q

what is stratified squamous keratinised epithelium composed of? (low power)

A

starting at top -

epithelium, connective tissue, hair follicle, hypodermis adipose tissue, apocrine sweat gland

52
Q

dry epithelium…

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium subject to abrasion that resists water loss eg skin

53
Q

what is stratified squamous keratinised epithelium composed of? (high power)

A

starting at top -
dead squamous cells containing keratin undergoing desquamation, epithelial cell, basal cell undergoing mitosis, connective tissue containing capillaries, melanocyte

54
Q

what do transitional epithelial cells in the bladder have that means they prevent leakage of urine into the tissues?

A

a high number of tight junctions

55
Q

where is the baso-lateral membrane found?

A

on the sides of cells, between the apical and basal membranes

56
Q

what is the purpose of actin in epithelial cell junctions?

A

anchors cell keeping it where it is supposed to be

57
Q

what is a hemidesmosome?

A

a membrane protein that anchors the cell to the BM

58
Q

what is trans-cellular transport?

A

movement is in one direction eg absorption or secretion

59
Q

what is paracellular movement?

A

transport in and out of the cell in different directions simultaneously

60
Q

what are the 2 major tight junction proteins?

A

claudins and occludins

61
Q

how many sealing strands does a urinary bladder have?

A

8 with a resistance (how easy to pass to other side) of 7000 (omega.cm squared)

62
Q

what are the roles of tight junctions? (3)

A

barriers, fences, gates

63
Q

barriers…

A

separate one compartment from another

64
Q

fences…

A

maintain the asymmetric distribution of lipids and proteins in the apical and basal membranes eg sodium and potassium transport

65
Q

gates…

A

allow some molecules to flow more easily than others ie not open or closed, just selective

66
Q

tight junctions in epithelial cell layers… (2)

A

create barriers between different cell compartments and allow the processes of absorption and secretion to create compartments with different molecular compositions

67
Q

what does pseudostratified mean?

A

only one cell layer present although there appear to be many, all the cells make contact with the underlying basement membrane but not all cells within the epithelium reach the apical surface

68
Q

epithelial tissue is avascular, what does this mean?

A

no blood supply, it diffuses through from the BM from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue

Week 2 (7 decks)

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