Primary Prevention Flashcards
Definition of primary prevention
Any intervention that prevents illness from occurring in the first place
Definition of secondary prevention
Any intervention that prevents the illness/injury from getting worse
Definition of tertiary prevention
Reducing the risk of a disease/injury negatively impacting on a persons quality of life/ability to function
Definition of individual approach
About making lifestyle changes on an individual level
Definition of population approach
Reduce the risk of a disease in a whole population, normally involves legislation and mass media
Definition of health protection
Initiatives to protect against specific dangers like infections, diseases/accidental injury
Definition of health improvement
Initiatives to promote and enhance peoples health and wellbeing
What are the 3 types of prevention and what do they involve
Primary
-Any intervention that prevents illness from occurring in the 1st place
Secondary
-Any intervention that prevents illness from getting worse
Tertiary
-Reducing the risk of an illness negatively impacting pn ones ability to function
What is the main focus of primary prevention
What info is needed in order to carry this out
REDUCING RISK, with reference to a specific disease
Requires identification and assessment of risk factors and reducing them in the individual/population
What are the 2 methods of primary prevention
What do they involve
Individual approach
-About making lifestyle changes on an individual level
Population approach
-Reduce the risk of disease in a whole population, normally involves legislation and mass media
What are the 5 advantages of individual approaches to primary risk reduction
- Targeted only at high risk people
- One to one, individually tailored, intensive
- Subject motivated, health professionals trusted
- Potentially greater personal health gains
- Suited to healthcare system
What are the 3 disadvantages of individual approaches to primary risk reduction
- Fewer people helped
- More labour intensive
- Needs more trained staff
How would you carry out an individual approach to primary prevention
Identify risk factors
- gender
- age
- genetic predisposition
- current lifestyle
Plans of action
- Behaviour changes (lifestyle advice)
- Medical intervention
What is the example of an individual approach led by the NHS
NHS health check
- Preventative checks for vascular disease risk
- Includes appropriate lifestyle advice and medical interventions
What are the 5 advantages of a population approach to primary prevention
Mass media used for large nos Address all levels of risk Social marketing techniques Economies of scale Aims to reduce population average for risk factor
What are the 5 disadvantages of a population approach to primary prevention
Generalized message, not tailored Public docent always trust media Accusations of propaganda Smaller individual health gains Only appropriate for common diseases
What is the example of a population approach to primary prevention
Change 4 life campaign
-Aimed at families to take part in more exercise and eat less sugar
Describe the concept of shifting the mean in a population approach
By shifting the whole bell curve of a risk factor, a smaller proportion of individuals will be at risk of a specific disease
What 5 factors affect health and wellbeing
Age, sex, genetics Individual lifestyle factors Social and community influences Living, working conditions General socioeconomic, environmental and cultural conditions
What are the 2 main targets in health prevention
Health protection
-Initiatives to protect against specific dangers like infectious diseases/accidental injury
Health improvement/promotion
-Initiatives to promote and enhance peoples health and wellbeing
What are the 5 models of health improvement/promotion
Medical model
-Interventions aimed at reducing specific risk factors for specific diseases
Behavioral model
-Interventions aimed at encouraging people to adopt healthy lifestyles
Empowerment model
-Interventions aimed at developing knowledge and skills to empower people to optimise health and wellbeing
Social change model
-Interventions aimed at supporting communities in woking together to improve life chances
Environmental model
-Interventions aimed at creating environments conducive to health and wellbeing
What are the 3 E’s of health promotion
Engagement
- Increase awareness of risks and susceptibility
- Encouragement
Empowerment
- Provide the knowledge, skills and confidence
- Create/take opportunities
Environment
-Physical, social, cultural environment improved, conducive for health improvement
What are the 2 types of barrier to behavioral change
Individual
Systemic
What are the 3 individual barriers to behavioral change
Lack of knowledge/awareness
Lack of motivation
Lack of time/opportunity
What are the 5 systemic barriers to behavioral change
Poverty Literacy/language Family/peer influences Culture, religion Access, availability issues
What are the 3 methods of overcoming barriers
One on one with health professionals
Working with groups
-teachers and community workers
Media
- advertising campaigns
- PR and press (features and programs)
- websites and social media
Name some social marketing techniques used to encourage behavioral changes
Understand customer Segment market into target groups Different marketing methods Customer centered approach to persuade (shock tactics) Change the culture to make it safer Create a bandwagon dynamic
What would you look at when evaluating the effects of health promotion initiatives
By their outcomes
- Raised awareness
- Behavioural change
- Risk reduction
- Improved health status
What methods would you use to evaluate the health promotion initiatives used
RCTs not always possible for campiagns
Qualitative assessments of structure (resources needed) and the process should be considered
Cost effectiveness considerations
