Population and Disease

Question 1

Definition of population pyramids

Answer 1

Used to show composition of a population

Question 2

Definition of a population census

Answer 2

A way of acquiring and recording info about the members of a given population
Taken every 10 years

Question 3

Definition of enumeration district

Answer 3

Administration division of a county for the purpose of census taking

Question 4

Definition of population ageing

Answer 4

Geography of older populations

Question 5

Definition of population estimates

Answer 5

Used to estimate populations between censuses

Question 6

Describe how the world population has changed between 500BC -2025

Answer 6

Exponentially increased

• Used to be under 1bn until 1804
• 2bn in 1924
• 3bn in 1960
• 6bn in 1999

Growth expected to increased but at a slower rate

Question 7

Describe the shape of the population pyramid in low income countries and why

Answer 7

Largest group is 0-4
Successive age groups are smaller due to high mortality
Adults of working age are in the minority
Tiny proportion of population are elderly

Question 8

Describe the shape of the population pyramid in medium income countries and why

Answer 8

Large group of children
Greater nos of working age adults than the low income pyramid
Low proportion of elderly

Working age adults => good living conditions and high income/poor living conditions and v low income

Question 9

Describe the shape of the population pyramid in high income countries and why

Answer 9

Small proportion of children due to low mortality
Fluctuations in birth rate after WWII and baby boom
Greater proportion of elderly
Females have a greater live expectancy

Question 10

Describe the 4 phases in a demographic transition

Answer 10

1

• Mortality and fertility are high and equal
• Total population is v low

2

• Mortality falls due to better living conditions (clean water and nutrition) and better healthcare interventions (prevent common childhood illnesses)
• Birth rate stays high => increased population

3
-Both mortality and birth rate fall

4
-Equilibrium between births and deaths => plateau in population

Question 11

Describe the demographic changes in Japan

Answer 11

1960 (post war)
-largest proportion of children

2010

• largest population of working age adults
• increased no of elderly
• decreased no of children

2060

• v large proportion = elderly
• smallest proportion = children

Could impact economic output and health care

Question 12

Describe how you would display the estimated population changes visually

Answer 12

Shown with a heat map

• Greatest increases in Africa and India, US
• Greatest decreases in China, Russia, European

Question 13

Describe how the UK takes censuses

Answer 13

Taken every 10 years

Enumerator has map and addresses in enumeration district
Advance round to check list, are they all still residential?
Household questionnaire completed by hand, phone, post, online

Post enumeration surveys, check completion and quality
-census coverage and quality surveys taken

Question 14

What groups in the UK are hard to reach and have low enumeration rates

Answer 14

Disabled/elderly
Ethnic minority/faith groups
Migrants/non English speakers
Unemployed/low income
Students/young adults
Gypsys/Travellers

Question 15

What were the results of the 2011 census

Answer 15

Population has increased per census but there was a larger increase in 2011

Question 16

What were the main 7 census topics

Answer 16

No of people, age, sex
Household relationships and accommodation
Health and healthcare
Educational qualifications
Culture (ethnic group, migration)
Employment
Workplace, journey to work

Question 17

What were the 4 new questions introduced in 2011

Answer 17

Main language, English language proficiency
Month/year of UK entry
Intended length of UK stay
Passports and national identity

Question 18

How is census data used

Answer 18

Define national and local population

• resource allocation, planning
• denominators

Population estimates, projections

Demographic and social indicators

• Age
• Ethnicity
• Disability
• Deprivation

Question 19

Describe the 2 trends of population growth in Europe

Answer 19

Generally increasing in most countries

Decreasing generally in Eastern Europe due to emigration

Question 20

Describe the general trend of population growth in the UK and London

Answer 20

Generally increased in all areas

Greatest increase in London

Question 21

Describe the spread of older populations in England

Why is this the case

Answer 21

London has a v low elderly population
Rural and coastal areas have increased elderly populations

Internal migration into cities for work and to rural areas to retire

Question 22

Describe the use of ethnicity data from country to country

Answer 22

Definition varies from country to country

UK uses 18 groups, introduced 2 more in 2011 (Arab, Irish, traveller/gypsy)

Question 23

How do we get population estimates

Answer 23

Annually with cohort component method

Use last midyear resident population

• Add age by 1 year
• Add births in year
• Remove deaths in 1 year
• Allow for migration and emigration

Question 24

Why is GP data often used in population estimates

Answer 24

Most people are registered with a GP

Question 25

What are problems with using GP data

Answer 25

List inflation

• Differences between resident and registered population
• Patients move areas, GPs not notified
• Patient records not immediately removed after death

1 practice may have patients from many areas

Question 26

What 4 assumptions are population projections based on

Answer 26

Taken every 2 years

Assumptions made on

• Base population
• Fertility
• Migration
• Mortality

Question 27

What are the 3 main properties of social deprivation indicators

Answer 27

Area based
Summaries housegold characteristics
Use census derived info

Question 28

What are the 7 indices of multiple deprivation (IMD)

How is this data displayed visually

Answer 28

Income
Employment
Health deprivation and disability
Education, skills, training deprivation
Barrier to housing and services
Living environment deprivation
Crime

Mapped onto Super Output Areas (SOA)

Question 29

What are the 3 categories of Super Output Areas

How are these used with respect to IMDs

Answer 29

Lower, min pop =1000
Middle, min pop =5000
Upper, min pop 25000

Each SOA given an IMD score and rank for summary index and domain indices

Question 30

In death registration, what are the 2 things you must note down

Answer 30

Part 1
-Note down the condition directly leading to death and conditions that resulted in the cause

Part 2
-Other significant contributors ti death that didn’t cause it

Question 31

How is data from the death certificate used

Answer 31

Cause of death = lowest antecedent cause

Question 32

How is each cause of death categorized for use in mortality statistics

Answer 32

ICD10 classification

• Provides alphanumeric codes for cause of death
• 1st 3 values = categories
• 4th = subgroup

Question 33

Describe the 8 step pathway for data aggregation

Answer 33

Patient dies

Dr issues medical certificate of cause of death

Certificate presented to Registry office with more info about decreased

Registrar issues death certificate

Data aggregated by Office of National Statistics

Cause of death coding

Mortality stats published

• age, sex
• area
• cause

Data used for life tables, expectancy, population projections