Population and Disease Flashcards
Definition of population pyramids
Used to show composition of a population
Definition of a population census
A way of acquiring and recording info about the members of a given population
Taken every 10 years
Definition of enumeration district
Administration division of a county for the purpose of census taking
Definition of population ageing
Geography of older populations
Definition of population estimates
Used to estimate populations between censuses
Describe how the world population has changed between 500BC -2025
Exponentially increased
- Used to be under 1bn until 1804
- 2bn in 1924
- 3bn in 1960
- 6bn in 1999
Growth expected to increased but at a slower rate
Describe the shape of the population pyramid in low income countries and why
Largest group is 0-4
Successive age groups are smaller due to high mortality
Adults of working age are in the minority
Tiny proportion of population are elderly
Describe the shape of the population pyramid in medium income countries and why
Large group of children
Greater nos of working age adults than the low income pyramid
Low proportion of elderly
Working age adults => good living conditions and high income/poor living conditions and v low income
Describe the shape of the population pyramid in high income countries and why
Small proportion of children due to low mortality
Fluctuations in birth rate after WWII and baby boom
Greater proportion of elderly
Females have a greater live expectancy
Describe the 4 phases in a demographic transition
1
- Mortality and fertility are high and equal
- Total population is v low
2
- Mortality falls due to better living conditions (clean water and nutrition) and better healthcare interventions (prevent common childhood illnesses)
- Birth rate stays high => increased population
3
-Both mortality and birth rate fall
4
-Equilibrium between births and deaths => plateau in population
Describe the demographic changes in Japan
1960 (post war)
-largest proportion of children
2010
- largest population of working age adults
- increased no of elderly
- decreased no of children
2060
- v large proportion = elderly
- smallest proportion = children
Could impact economic output and health care
Describe how you would display the estimated population changes visually
Shown with a heat map
- Greatest increases in Africa and India, US
- Greatest decreases in China, Russia, European
Describe how the UK takes censuses
Taken every 10 years
Enumerator has map and addresses in enumeration district
Advance round to check list, are they all still residential?
Household questionnaire completed by hand, phone, post, online
Post enumeration surveys, check completion and quality
-census coverage and quality surveys taken
What groups in the UK are hard to reach and have low enumeration rates
Disabled/elderly Ethnic minority/faith groups Migrants/non English speakers Unemployed/low income Students/young adults Gypsys/Travellers
What were the results of the 2011 census
Population has increased per census but there was a larger increase in 2011
What were the main 7 census topics
No of people, age, sex Household relationships and accommodation Health and healthcare Educational qualifications Culture (ethnic group, migration) Employment Workplace, journey to work
What were the 4 new questions introduced in 2011
Main language, English language proficiency
Month/year of UK entry
Intended length of UK stay
Passports and national identity
How is census data used
Define national and local population
- resource allocation, planning
- denominators
Population estimates, projections
Demographic and social indicators
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Disability
- Deprivation
Describe the 2 trends of population growth in Europe
Generally increasing in most countries
Decreasing generally in Eastern Europe due to emigration
Describe the general trend of population growth in the UK and London
Generally increased in all areas
Greatest increase in London
Describe the spread of older populations in England
Why is this the case
London has a v low elderly population
Rural and coastal areas have increased elderly populations
Internal migration into cities for work and to rural areas to retire
Describe the use of ethnicity data from country to country
Definition varies from country to country
UK uses 18 groups, introduced 2 more in 2011 (Arab, Irish, traveller/gypsy)
How do we get population estimates
Annually with cohort component method
Use last midyear resident population
- Add age by 1 year
- Add births in year
- Remove deaths in 1 year
- Allow for migration and emigration
Why is GP data often used in population estimates
Most people are registered with a GP
What are problems with using GP data
List inflation
- Differences between resident and registered population
- Patients move areas, GPs not notified
- Patient records not immediately removed after death
1 practice may have patients from many areas
What 4 assumptions are population projections based on
Taken every 2 years
Assumptions made on
- Base population
- Fertility
- Migration
- Mortality
What are the 3 main properties of social deprivation indicators
Area based
Summaries housegold characteristics
Use census derived info
What are the 7 indices of multiple deprivation (IMD)
How is this data displayed visually
Income Employment Health deprivation and disability Education, skills, training deprivation Barrier to housing and services Living environment deprivation Crime
Mapped onto Super Output Areas (SOA)
What are the 3 categories of Super Output Areas
How are these used with respect to IMDs
Lower, min pop =1000
Middle, min pop =5000
Upper, min pop 25000
Each SOA given an IMD score and rank for summary index and domain indices
In death registration, what are the 2 things you must note down
Part 1
-Note down the condition directly leading to death and conditions that resulted in the cause
Part 2
-Other significant contributors ti death that didn’t cause it
How is data from the death certificate used
Cause of death = lowest antecedent cause
How is each cause of death categorized for use in mortality statistics
ICD10 classification
- Provides alphanumeric codes for cause of death
- 1st 3 values = categories
- 4th = subgroup
Describe the 8 step pathway for data aggregation
Patient dies
Dr issues medical certificate of cause of death
Certificate presented to Registry office with more info about decreased
Registrar issues death certificate
Data aggregated by Office of National Statistics
Cause of death coding
Mortality stats published
- age, sex
- area
- cause
Data used for life tables, expectancy, population projections
