PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS Flashcards
What are the 5 processes of primary hemostasis?
- Vasconstriction
- Platelet adhesion
- Platelet aggregation
- Platelet plug formation
- Fibrin stabilization
What are the processes in primary hemostasis that are also included in secondary hemostasis?
Platelet plug formation and Fibrin Stabilization
It refers to the cessation of bleeding
Hemostasis
This occurs within the intravascular compartment lined with the endothelium
Hemostasis
Hemostasis occurs within the extravascular compartment lined with endothelium
True or False
False
intravascular compartment
A tightly regulated balance between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated by a series of enzymes and scaffolding proteins.
PHYSIOLOGIC HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM
The physiologic hemostatic system is a tightly regulated balance between what?
between formation
and dissolution of hemostatic plugs
The physiologic hemostatic system is a tightly regulated balance between between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated
by what?
by a series of enzymes and scaffolding
proteins.
What are the factors involved in Normal Hemostasis
and Thrombosis?
- Plateletes, Granulocytes & Monocytes
- Coagulation Protein Sytem
- Fibrinolysis Protein System
- Anticoagulation Protein System
It is another term that refers to the Coagulation Protein Sytem
Clot Forming
It is another term for clot forming
Coagulation Protein Sytem
It is another term that refers to the Fibrinolysis Protein System
Clot lysing
It is another term for clot lysing
Fibrinolysis Protein System
It is another term that refers to the Anticoagulation Protein System
Regulating
It is another term for regulating
Anticoagulation Protein System
What are the Cellular Components?
Factors involved in Normal Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Platelets, Granulocytes & Monocytes
What are the 3 systems that make up the protein system?
- Coagulation system
- Fibrinolytic system
- Anticoagulation system
This serves to form thrombin that initiates the proteolysis of fibrinogen, leading to fibrin clot formation
Coagulation system (clot forming)
This functions to lyse the clot formed by thrombin
Fibrinolytic system (Clot lysing)
This regulates all enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, so that no inappropriate excess of clotting or bleeding occurs.
Anticoagulation system (Regulating)
Give an overview of hemostasis
- Arteriolar vasoconstriction; arteriole smooth muscle
- Primary hemostasis; platelet aggregation
- Secondary hemostasis; formation of platelet clot
- Thrombus and antithrombotic events; fibrinolysis
This contraction of the
blood vessel wall is called …
Vasoconstriction
Upon vessel injury (in a large or medium sized artery or veins), what occurs to control bleeding?
Contraction occurs
It is a short-lived reflex reaction of the smooth
muscle in the vessel wall produced by the sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is a short-lived
reflex reaction of the smooth
muscle in the vessel wall produced
by what?
produced
by the sympathetic branches of the
autonomic nervous system.
If vascular injury exposes
the endothelial surface
and underlying collagen, what happens?
> platelets adhere to the
subendothelial collagen
fibers > spread pseudopods
along the surface > clump together
It is the term for the clumping of platelets
Aggregation
What causes the adherence of platelets to the
subendothelial collagen
fibers, spread pseudopods
along the surface, and
clump together?
If vascular injury exposes
the endothelial surface
and underlying collagen
Platelet adhesion to
subendothelial connective
tissues, especially
collagen, occurs when?
occurs 1 …
These 2 promote vasoconstriction
Platelet Adhesion
Epinephrine and Serotonin
This increases the adhesiveness of platelets.
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
This produces surface membrane reorganization
The transformation of the platelet from a disc to a sphere with pseudopods
This results in release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents.
Internal contraction of the platelet
Internal contraction of the platelet results in the release of what?
release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents
Platelets adhere at sites of what?
at sites of mechanical vascular injury
After latelets adhere at sites of mechanical vascular injury, they undergo what and express what glycoproteins?
undergo activation and express functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
also referred to as integrin alpha IIb beta3
GPIIb-IIIa or CD41/CD61
These glycoproteins have a role for circulating adhesive ligand proteins (primarily fibrinogen)
integrin alphaIIb beta3
These are functional glycoproteins that mediate the recruitment of local platelets
functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
How do these functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors mediate the recruitment of local platelets?
by forming
fibrinogen bridges between platelets
This is a process that forms bridges between platelets
platelet cohesion
This glycoprotein is specific for
platelets
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
This is the most abundant platelet membrane protein
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have approximately 5,000 receptors per platelet)
True or False
False
50,000 receptors/platelet
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have approximately 5,000 receptors per platelet)
True or False
False
50,000 receptors/platelet
This is the is the gold standard test to determine platelet function.
Platelet aggregation
Platelet aggregation is the gold standard test to determine what?
Platelet function
Collagen, Proteolytic enzymes, Biological amines are agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vivo
True or False
False
in vitro
Collagen, Proteolytic enzymes, Biological amines are agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vivo
True or False
False
in vitro
Platelet aggregation is an energy independent process
True or False
independent process
Platelet aggregation is an energy independent process
True or False
independent process
What are the agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vitro?
PCB
- Proteolytic enzymes
- Collagen
- Biological amines
This refers to proteolytic enzymes
thrombin
These are biological amines improtant in hemostasis
epinephrine and serotonin
This results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of calcium produce a sticky surface on platelets.
Aggregation
Aggregration results from bridges formed by what?
formed by fibrinogen
Aggregration results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of what?
in the presence of calcium
produce a sticky surface on platelets
What is an example of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
aspirin
Aspirin is an example of what agent?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
If these aggregates are reinforced by fibrin, they are referred to as a what?
a thrombus
These aggregates are referred to as a thrombus if reinforced by what?
reinforced by fibrin
These aggregates are referred to as a thrombus if reinforced by what?
reinforced by fibrin
Aggregation of platelets by at least one pathway can be blocked by substances such as …
- Prostaglandin E (PGE)
- Adenosine
Fibrinogen provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization , under the influence of WHAT?
small amounts of thrombin
This provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization.
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen (under the influence of small amounts of thrombin) - provides basis for what?
basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization
This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION
This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin within each platelet
true or false
False
around each platelet
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin within each platelet
true or false
False
around each platelet
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION is a process that involves the precipitation of what?
the precipitation of polymerized fibrin
The result of PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION is a fibrin clot that produces an IRREVERSIBLE PLATELET PLUG.
True or false
True
What doe fibrin clots produce?
IRREVERSIBLE PLATELET PLUG
What is the order/process of PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION & STABILIZATION?
VEPPPCF
- Vascular injury
- Exposes subendothelium & Vasoconstriction
- Platelet adhesion
- Platelet aggregation
- Platelet plug formation
- Consolidation of platelets
- Fibrin stabilization
What are the 6 LABORATORY ASSESMENTS OF/FOR PLATELETS?
ABCPQQ
- Antiplatelet Antibody Assays
- Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
- Clot Retraction
- Platelet Aggregation
- Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
- Quantitative Determination of Platelet
Electronic Particle Counter and the Examination of stained blood film are under what laboratory assessment of platelets?
Quantitative Determination of Platelet
It is a complex process that retains the blood within the vascular system after injury.
Hemostasis
This is done if the platelet count is normal
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Electronic Particle Counter
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Quantitative Determination of Platelet
Examination of stained blood film
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Quantitative Determination of Platelet
PBS
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Platelet Count
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Template Bleeding Time
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Petechiometer
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Platelet Aggregation
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Platelet lumiaggregation
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Platelet Antibodies
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Platelet factor IV
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
Thromboxanes
what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
What are the tests for Qualitative Assesment of Platelet?
BPPTPLT6
- Beta-thromboglobulin
- PBS
- Petechiometer
- Thromboxanes
- Platelet factor IV
- Platelet Aggregation
- Platelet lumiaggregation
- Platelet Antibodies
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
- Platelet count
These chemicals are involved in platelet aggregation
CAARTE
- Collagen
- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- Arachidonate
- Ristocetin
- Thrombin
- Epinehrine
IN Qualitative Assesment of Platelet, this refers to the platelet RELEASE
Platelet lumiaggregation
IN Qualitative Assesment of Platelet, these are the platelet antibodies most noted
IgM and IgG
In vivo measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation on locally injured vascular subendothelium.
Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
Provides an estimate of the integrity of the platelet plug and thereby measures the interaction between the capillaries and platelets
Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
Reflects the number and quality of platelets, fibrinogen concentration, fibrinolytic activity, and packed red cell volume.
Clot Retraction
The degree of clot retraction is directly proportional to the number of platelets
True or False
True
The degree of clot retraction is inversely proportional to the hematocrit and the level of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen.
True or False
True
What are the agents that can be used to aggregate platelets?
CREATS
Agents such as ADP, collagen, epinephrine, snake venom, thrombin, and ristocetin
The principle of this test is that plasma-rich platelet is treated with an unknown aggregating agent
True or False
FALSE
platelet-rich plasma; known aggregating agent
The principle of this test is that plasma-rich platelet is treated with an unknown aggregating agent
True or False
FALSE
platelet-rich plasma; known aggregating agent
Available techniques can include complement fi xation methods, lysis of chromium 51–labeled platelets, assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins, and competitive inhibition assays.
Antiplatelet Antibody Assays
These are the available Antiplatelet Antibody Assay techniques
CoCoLA
- complement fixation methods
- competitive inhibition assays.
- lysis of chromium 51–labeled platelets,
- Assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins
What are the 6 vascular disorders?
direct, inherited, decreased, mechanical, microthrombi, vascular
Purpura associated with …
1. with direct endothelial cell damage.
2. with an inherited disease of the connective tissue.
3. with decreased mechanical strength of the
microcirculation.
4. with mechanical disruption of small venules.
5. with microthrombi
6. with vascular malignancy.
microthrombi refers to what?
small clots
Demonstrates the smallest platelets seen
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Characterized by the presence of large platelets
and the presence of Döhle-like bodies in the granulocytic leukocytes
May-Hegglin anomaly
Disorder that exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia
Alport syndrome
Demonstrates the largest platelets.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is also known as
giant platelet syndrome
In this disorder, it has been demonstrated that the giant platelets are probably an artifact of the slide
giant platelet syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome demonstrates
the largest platelets
True or False
False
smallest platelets seen
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome demonstrates
the largest platelets
True or False
False
smallest platelets seen
May-Hegglin anomaly is characterized by thee presence of what?
large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies
the presence of large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies are found in where?
in the granulocytic leukocytes
Alport Syndrome exhibits what?
exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia
What are the 2 QUANTITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS?
- THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- THROMBOCYTOSIS
Thrombocytopenia has 3 disorders. What are those?
- Disorders of Production
- Disorders of Destruction or Utilization
- Disorders of Platelet Distributions
associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Thrombocytosis is a hereditary or familial thrombocytosis associated with ger_x0002_mline mutations of what gene? in what receptor? of what gene?
mutations of the thrombopoietin (THPO) gene n the THPO receptor (MPL) gene
Thrombocytosis associated with WHAT?
with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or
myelodysplastic disorders
Reactive (secondary thrombocytosis)
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Thrombocytopenia associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)
True or False
False
Thrombocytosis
Thrombocytopenia associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)
True or False
False
Thrombocytosis
What are the types of platelet dysfunction?
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATELETS: THROMBOCYTOPATHY
- Acquired
- Drug-Induced
- Platelet Membrane Receptors
- Hereditary
What a the 3 HEREDITARY types of platelet dysfunctn?
- Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
- Glanzmann Thrombasthenia and Essential
Athrombia - Hereditary Storage Pool Defect
These are the 5 ACQUIRED types of platelet dysfunction?
CPUMM (sounds like sipon)
- Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Platelet Function
- Paraprotein Disorders
- Uremia
- Myeloproliferative Syndromes
- Miscellaneous Disorders Associated with Platelet
Dysfuntion
What intimal cell synthesizes and stores von Willebrand factor (VWF)?
Endothelial cell
What subendothelial structural protein triggers coagulation
through activation of factor VII?
Thrombin
What coagulation plasma protein should be assayed when
platelets fail to aggregate properly?
Fibrinogen
What is the primary role of vitamin K for the prothrombin group factors?
Carboxylates the factors to allow calcium binding
What is the source of prothrombin fragment F1.2?
Thrombin proteolysis of fibrinogen
What serine protease forms a complex with factor VIIIa, and
what is the substrate of this complex?
Factor IXa, factor X
hat protein secreted by endothelial cells activates fibrinolysis?
TPA
What two regulatory proteins form a complex that digests
activated factors V and VIII?
APC and protein S
What two regulatory proteins form a complex that digests
activated factors V and VIII?
APC and protein S
What are the primary roles of VWF?
Mediate platelet adhesion and serve as a carrier molecule for factor VIII
Most coagulation factors are synthesized in:
The liver
The events involved in secondary hemostasis:
Lead to the formation of a stable fibrin clot
Which of the following coagulation factors is activated by
thrombin and mediates the stabilization of the fibrin clot?
Factor XIII
Which of the following endogenous plasma inhibitors is (are) important for the control of excessive thrombin generation?
AT, TFPI
The clinical presentation of platelet-related bleeding may
include all of the following except:
Bruising
Nosebleeds
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Bleeding into the joints (hemarthroses)
Bleeding into the joints (hemarthroses)
A defect in GP IIb/IIIa causes:
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome have which of the following laboratory test findings?
Abnormal platelet response to ristocetin
Which of the following is the most common of the hereditary
platelet function defects?
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Storage pool defects
Multiple myeloma
Storage pool defects
A reduction in thrombin generation in patients with Scott
syndrome results from:
Altered expression of phospholipids on the platelet membrane
The impaired platelet function in myeloproliferative neoplasms
results from:
Decreased numbers of a granules and dense granules
The platelet defect associated with increased paraproteins is:
Impaired membrane activation, owing to protein coating
In uremia, platelet function is impaired by higher than normal levels of:
NO
Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is not caused by:
Anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies
Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is not caused by:
Anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies
Aspirin ingestion blocks the synthesis of:
Thromboxane A2
A mechanism of antiplatelet drugs targeting GP IIb/IIIa function is:
Direct binding to GP IIb/IIIa
Which is a congenital qualitative platelet disorder?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
The autosomal dominant disorder associated with decreased
platelet production is:
May-Hegglin anomaly
Which of the following is not a hallmark of ITP?
Large overactive platelets
The specific antigen most commonly responsible for the development of NAIT is
HPA-1a (Human platelet antigens)
A 2-year-old child with an unexpected platelet count of
15,000/mL and a recent history of a viral infection most
likely has
Acute ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)
Which drug causes a reduction in platelet count by inhibiting megakaryocyte maturation?
Anagrelide
A defect in primary hemostasis (platelet response to an injury) often results in:
Mucosal bleeding
When a drug acts as a hapten to induce thrombocytopenia, an antibody forms against which of the following?
The combination of the drug and the platelet membrane protein to which it is bound
Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) refers to:
Abnormal bone formation, including hypoplasia of the forearms
Neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenia occurs when
The mother has an autoimmune antibody to her own
platelets, which crosses the placenta and reacts with the
infant’s platelets
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children is associated with:
Diarrhea caused by Shigella species
Treatment with an anticomplement agent such as eculi-zumab is first-line therapy for:
Atypical HUS
Which of the following statements regarding thrombocytosis is not true?
a. Thrombocytosis can be associated with hemorrhage
and thrombosis
b. Affected patients have platelet counts in excess of
450,000/mL
c. Thrombocytosis is self-correcting
d. Thrombocytosis can be congenital or acquired
c. Thrombocytosis is self-correcting
The endpoint of primary hemostasis
Platelet plug
Upon exposure to the collagen ECM (???) or the subendothelium after vessel injury automatic platelets will now do….
Platelet adhesion
The adhesion does not happen directly but there is a bridge and this is your Von Willebrand factor.
True or False
True
This is the largest molecule of all coagulation factors
vWF
What is the molecular weight of vWF?
molecular weight is 50-200 million
vWF is produced in two cells …
Megakaryocytes and Endothelial cells.
The Endothelium has granules called …
Weibel Palade Bodies
The excess from the produced vWF will be stored where?
in the ɑ granules of the platelets
It is the most abundant of all platelets
ɑ granules
These granules have plenty of secretory products
ɑ granules
Von Willebrand factor can be found freely in our plasma not alone but as a carrier molecule for factor VIII
True or False
True
Von Willebrand factor can be found freely in our plasma not alone but as a carrier molecule for what factor?
Factor VIII
It can be the bridge because it is received by glycoprotein Ib/V/IX
vWF
Von Willebrand can be the bridge because it is received by what glycoprotein?
glycoprotein Ib/V/IX
This is the receptor, andwhere Von Willebrand factor is attached
glycoprotein Ib/V/IX
Von Willebrand factor can also attach to subendothelium, and it is the mechanism by which adhesion can happen.
True or False
True
The second step, which is the shape change, happens when?
during platelet activation or platelet secretion or platelet release mechanism.
During platelet activation/platelet secretion/platelet release, the shape of the platelet changes from the disk to what?
spherical.
This is the phenomenon where they will be spherical and possess pseudopods/tentacles
viscous metamorphosis
Platelet cohesion or platelet aggregation are different
True or False
False
the same
It is a very potent platelet aggregator
ADP
It is a very potent activator and aggregator.
Thromboxane A2
This is the primary product of eicosanoid pathway, thromboxane pathway, prostaglandin pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway.
Thromboxane A2
This is the primary product of eicosanoid pathway, thromboxane pathway, prostaglandin pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway.
Thromboxane A2
serotonin is released by the dense bodies.
True or False
True
Aggregation is not hemostatic plug, we call it …
PLATELET PLUG
This aggregates our platelet with fibrin
platelet plug
aggregation will happen by virtue of glycoprotein WHAT complex on the surface of platelets.
glycoprotein IIb/IIIA
This is also where fibrin attaches
glycoprotein IIb/IIIA
What is the disorder wherein glycoproteins Ib/V/IX is dysfunctional or lacking?
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
When a patient has Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, this means that the patient is a what?
The patient is a bleeder.
Why is the Bernard-Soulier syndrome or much bleeding?
Because there is poor adhesion. There is no bridging because the platelets, without glycoproteins Ib/V/IX, cannot connect with the vWF.
The vWF is found in our plasma.
True or False
True
platelet plug results from what hemostasis?
primary
It is a platelet factor that is included also in the secondary hemostasis.
platelet factor 3, also called phospholipid.
It will serve as the surface for the coagulation factors activity in the secondary hemostasis or coagulation.
phospholipid
The phospholipid is outside the platelet plug.
True or False
False
inside
The phospholipid is outside the platelet plug.
True or False
False
inside
PPL (platelet factor 3), when in combination with tissue factor, we call the complex as …
thromboplastin
prothrombin comes from the
liver
Promthrombin will be acted upon by the what complex to become thrombin?
prothrombinase
stable fibrin clot will result after factor WHAT activity.
Factor 13
When factor 13 acts on the polymer, it will now become a ..
stable fibrin clot.
This is the end product or end point of secondary hemostasis/coagulation mechanism in vivo.
stable fibrin clot
what is the endpoint in vitro of coagulation mechanisms?
fibrin polymer
The only enzyme which is the active enzyme form of plasminogen.
plasmin
These will activate the plasminogen in order for it to become plasmin
t-PA
tissue-plasminogen activators
These will activate the plasminogen in order for it to become plasmin
t-PA
tissue-plasminogen activators
This will destroy the stable fibrin clot.
Plasmin
When fibrin clot has been destroyed by the plasmin, there will be what we call …
fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product (FDP)/fibrin-fibrinogen split product (FSP)
These are the end products of fibrinolysis
FSP and FDP
These will be engulfed by the mononuclear phagocyte system to be part of the amino acid pool of the body for recycling
FSP and FDP
Why must FSP and FDP be eliminated from the body?
because they are antithrombins
You will eventually become a bleeder if you have many WHAT?
antithrombins.
These contradict thrombins, thus, there will be no clotting.
antithrombins
Final phase of hemostasis:
fibrinolysis
This increases the adhesiveness of platelets.
ADP
The transformation of the platelets from a disc to a sphere with pseudopods produces what?
surface membrane reorganization.
This results in release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents.
Internal contraction of the platelet
Aggregation can happen because of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa that receives the fibrin threads.
True or False
True
This machine is older between the two machine. Has electrical impedance.
Coulter machine
How many minutees is the standing time for platelet count?
30 mins
Under platelet count, we have AUTOMATIC and MICROSCOPIC/MANUAL
treu or false
true
The best microscopic direct method
brecher-cronkite
You will not report your estimate platelet, what you will report is the platelet count
True or false
True
It is the reference method to assess the platelet function, but not anymore
Template Bleeding Time
What test to to determine the platelet function?
platelet aggregometry, platelet aggregation test using platelet aggregometer
it means the adhesion, secretion, and aggregation
platelet function
Capillary Fragility Test or Rumpel-Leede phenomenon, wherein you will count petechiae
True or false
true
Also called arachidonic acid
Arachidonate
To determine the release mechanism of platelet
Platelet lumi aggregation
This was based on the old technology Platelet Factor III Availability
Platelet lumi aggregation
If there is ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY connection, it is called
IMMUNE COMPLEX
End point of complement activity is ALWAYS what?
LYSIS
This is the INACTIVE thromboxane
thromboxane B2
What system are monocytes and macrophages are often referred to as?
mononuclear phagocyte system
this is the old name of mononuclear phagocyte system
Reticuloendothelial system
This came from a proenzyme–prothrombin
thrombin
They induce coagulation
procoagulants
Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) is also called
Thrombocythemia
essential due to bone marrow disorde
Primary Thrombocythemia/Thrombocytosis
When we say, “qualitative characteristics”, this is …
Thrombocytopathy
When cells in common myeloid have cancer/leukemia, this is
myeloproliferative syndrome.
3 types of lymphocytes:
B cell, T cell, and null cell
this is non-T/non-B; sometimes called a natural killer cell or large granular lymphocyte.
Null cell
In uremia, what is elevated?
BUN
With this disorder, abnormal gamma globulins are produced.
Paraprotein Disorders
madaling magbreak ang mga blood vessels if deficient in what vitamiin?
vit C
The lifespan of platelets is …
9 to 10 days.
Duke’s Method is not accurate
True or false
true
NO THROMBOXANE input = NO PLATELET ACTIVATOR = shorter bleeding time
True or false
false
l0nger
BLOOD THINNER
aspirin
Reference method of hematocrit is microhematocrit not the wintrobe method
true or false
true
Reference method of platelet count is reese-ecker
True or false
true
Hemostasis is a complex physiologic process that keeps circulating blood in what state?
in a fluid state
This refers to pathologic clotting
thrombosis
These carry blood throughout the body
Blood vessels
The plug must be reinforced by what?
fibrin
Endothelial cells are heterogenous
True or false
true
This induces smooth muscle relaxation and subsequent vasodilation
NO
This inhibits platelet activation and promotes angiogenesis and healthy arterioles
NO
What are the 6 Disorders of Destruction or Utilization?
D’HIITT
- Destruction caused by Immune Mechanisms, Antigens, Antibodies or Complement
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- Increased Utilization of Platelets
- Immune Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
