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HEMATOLOGY 2 - LECTURE > PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS > Flashcards

PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 processes of primary hemostasis?

A
  1. Vasconstriction
  2. Platelet adhesion
  3. Platelet aggregation
  4. Platelet plug formation
  5. Fibrin stabilization
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2
Q

What are the processes in primary hemostasis that are also included in secondary hemostasis?

A

Platelet plug formation and Fibrin Stabilization

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3
Q

It refers to the cessation of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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4
Q

This occurs within the intravascular compartment lined with the endothelium

A

Hemostasis

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5
Q

Hemostasis occurs within the extravascular compartment lined with endothelium

True or False

A

False

intravascular compartment

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6
Q

A tightly regulated balance between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated by a series of enzymes and scaffolding proteins.

A

PHYSIOLOGIC HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM

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7
Q

The physiologic hemostatic system is a tightly regulated balance between what?

A

between formation
and dissolution of hemostatic plugs

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8
Q

The physiologic hemostatic system is a tightly regulated balance between between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated
by what?

A

by a series of enzymes and scaffolding
proteins.

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9
Q

What are the factors involved in Normal Hemostasis
and Thrombosis?

A
  • Plateletes, Granulocytes & Monocytes
  • Coagulation Protein Sytem
  • Fibrinolysis Protein System
  • Anticoagulation Protein System
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10
Q

It is another term that refers to the Coagulation Protein Sytem

A

Clot Forming

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11
Q

It is another term for clot forming

A

Coagulation Protein Sytem

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12
Q

It is another term that refers to the Fibrinolysis Protein System

A

Clot lysing

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13
Q

It is another term for clot lysing

A

Fibrinolysis Protein System

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14
Q

It is another term that refers to the Anticoagulation Protein System

A

Regulating

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15
Q

It is another term for regulating

A

Anticoagulation Protein System

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16
Q

What are the Cellular Components?

Factors involved in Normal Hemostasis and Thrombosis

A

Platelets, Granulocytes & Monocytes

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17
Q

What are the 3 systems that make up the protein system?

A
  1. Coagulation system
  2. Fibrinolytic system
  3. Anticoagulation system
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18
Q

This serves to form thrombin that initiates the proteolysis of fibrinogen, leading to fibrin clot formation

A

Coagulation system (clot forming)

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19
Q

This functions to lyse the clot formed by thrombin

A

Fibrinolytic system (Clot lysing)

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20
Q

This regulates all enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, so that no inappropriate excess of clotting or bleeding occurs.

A

Anticoagulation system (Regulating)

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21
Q

Give an overview of hemostasis

A
  1. Arteriolar vasoconstriction; arteriole smooth muscle
  2. Primary hemostasis; platelet aggregation
  3. Secondary hemostasis; formation of platelet clot
  4. Thrombus and antithrombotic events; fibrinolysis
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22
Q

This contraction of the
blood vessel wall is called …

A

Vasoconstriction

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23
Q

Upon vessel injury (in a large or medium sized artery or veins), what occurs to control bleeding?

A

Contraction occurs

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24
Q

It is a short-lived reflex reaction of the smooth
muscle in the vessel wall produced by the sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Vasoconstriction

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25
Q

Vasoconstriction is a short-lived
reflex reaction of the smooth
muscle in the vessel wall produced
by what?

A

produced
by the sympathetic branches of the
autonomic nervous system.

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26
Q

If vascular injury exposes
the endothelial surface
and underlying collagen, what happens?

A

> platelets adhere to the
subendothelial collagen
fibers > spread pseudopods
along the surface > clump together

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27
Q

It is the term for the clumping of platelets

A

Aggregation

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28
Q

What causes the adherence of platelets to the
subendothelial collagen
fibers, spread pseudopods
along the surface, and
clump together?

A

If vascular injury exposes
the endothelial surface
and underlying collagen

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29
Q

Platelet adhesion to
subendothelial connective
tissues, especially
collagen, occurs when?

A

occurs 1 …

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30
Q

These 2 promote vasoconstriction

Platelet Adhesion

A

Epinephrine and Serotonin

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31
Q

This increases the adhesiveness of platelets.

A

ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate

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32
Q

This produces surface membrane reorganization

A

The transformation of the platelet from a disc to a sphere with pseudopods

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33
Q

This results in release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents.

A

Internal contraction of the platelet

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34
Q

Internal contraction of the platelet results in the release of what?

A

release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents

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35
Q

Platelets adhere at sites of what?

A

at sites of mechanical vascular injury

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36
Q

After latelets adhere at sites of mechanical vascular injury, they undergo what and express what glycoproteins?

A

undergo activation and express functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors

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37
Q

also referred to as integrin alpha IIb beta3

A

GPIIb-IIIa or CD41/CD61

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38
Q

These glycoproteins have a role for circulating adhesive ligand proteins (primarily fibrinogen)

A

integrin alphaIIb beta3

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39
Q

These are functional glycoproteins that mediate the recruitment of local platelets

A

functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors

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40
Q

How do these functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors mediate the recruitment of local platelets?

A

by forming
fibrinogen bridges between platelets

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41
Q

This is a process that forms bridges between platelets

A

platelet cohesion

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42
Q

This glycoprotein is specific for
platelets

A

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

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43
Q

This is the most abundant platelet membrane protein

A

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

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44
Q

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have approximately 5,000 receptors per platelet)

True or False

A

False

50,000 receptors/platelet

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45
Q

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have approximately 5,000 receptors per platelet)

True or False

A

False

50,000 receptors/platelet

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46
Q

This is the is the gold standard test to determine platelet function.

A

Platelet aggregation

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47
Q

Platelet aggregation is the gold standard test to determine what?

A

Platelet function

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48
Q

Collagen, Proteolytic enzymes, Biological amines are agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vivo

True or False

A

False

in vitro

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48
Q

Collagen, Proteolytic enzymes, Biological amines are agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vivo

True or False

A

False

in vitro

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49
Q

Platelet aggregation is an energy independent process

True or False

A

independent process

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50
Q

Platelet aggregation is an energy independent process

True or False

A

independent process

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51
Q

What are the agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vitro?

PCB

A
  • Proteolytic enzymes
  • Collagen
  • Biological amines
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52
Q

This refers to proteolytic enzymes

A

thrombin

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53
Q

These are biological amines improtant in hemostasis

A

epinephrine and serotonin

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54
Q

This results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of calcium produce a sticky surface on platelets.

A

Aggregation

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55
Q

Aggregration results from bridges formed by what?

A

formed by fibrinogen

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56
Q

Aggregration results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of what?

A

in the presence of calcium
produce a sticky surface on platelets

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57
Q

What is an example of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents

A

aspirin

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58
Q

Aspirin is an example of what agent?

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents

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59
Q

If these aggregates are reinforced by fibrin, they are referred to as a what?

A

a thrombus

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60
Q

These aggregates are referred to as a thrombus if reinforced by what?

A

reinforced by fibrin

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61
Q

These aggregates are referred to as a thrombus if reinforced by what?

A

reinforced by fibrin

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62
Q

Aggregation of platelets by at least one pathway can be blocked by substances such as …

A
  • Prostaglandin E (PGE)
  • Adenosine
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63
Q

Fibrinogen provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization , under the influence of WHAT?

A

small amounts of thrombin

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64
Q

This provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization.

A

Fibrinogen

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65
Q

Fibrinogen (under the influence of small amounts of thrombin) - provides basis for what?

A

basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization

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66
Q

This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet

A

PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION

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67
Q

This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet

A

PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION

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68
Q

PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin within each platelet

true or false

A

False

around each platelet

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69
Q

PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin within each platelet

true or false

A

False

around each platelet

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70
Q

PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION is a process that involves the precipitation of what?

A

the precipitation of polymerized fibrin

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71
Q

The result of PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION is a fibrin clot that produces an IRREVERSIBLE PLATELET PLUG.

True or false

A

True

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72
Q

What doe fibrin clots produce?

A

IRREVERSIBLE PLATELET PLUG

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73
Q

What is the order/process of PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION & STABILIZATION?

VEPPPCF

A
  1. Vascular injury
  2. Exposes subendothelium & Vasoconstriction
  3. Platelet adhesion
  4. Platelet aggregation
  5. Platelet plug formation
  6. Consolidation of platelets
  7. Fibrin stabilization
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74
Q

What are the 6 LABORATORY ASSESMENTS OF/FOR PLATELETS?

ABCPQQ

A
  1. Antiplatelet Antibody Assays
  2. Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
  3. Clot Retraction
  4. Platelet Aggregation
  5. Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
  6. Quantitative Determination of Platelet
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74
Q

Electronic Particle Counter and the Examination of stained blood film are under what laboratory assessment of platelets?

A

Quantitative Determination of Platelet

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75
Q

It is a complex process that retains the blood within the vascular system after injury.

A

Hemostasis

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76
Q

This is done if the platelet count is normal

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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77
Q

Electronic Particle Counter

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Quantitative Determination of Platelet

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78
Q

Examination of stained blood film

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Quantitative Determination of Platelet

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79
Q

PBS

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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80
Q

Platelet Count

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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81
Q

Template Bleeding Time

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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82
Q

Petechiometer

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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83
Q

Platelet Aggregation

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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84
Q

Platelet lumiaggregation

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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85
Q

Platelet Antibodies

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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86
Q

Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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87
Q

Platelet factor IV

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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88
Q

Thromboxanes

what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?

A

Qualitative Assesment of Platelet

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89
Q

What are the tests for Qualitative Assesment of Platelet?

BPPTPLT6

A
  1. Beta-thromboglobulin
  2. PBS
  3. Petechiometer
  4. Thromboxanes
  5. Platelet factor IV
  6. Platelet Aggregation
  7. Platelet lumiaggregation
  8. Platelet Antibodies
  9. Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
  10. Platelet count
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90
Q

These chemicals are involved in platelet aggregation

CAARTE

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
  3. Arachidonate
  4. Ristocetin
  5. Thrombin
  6. Epinehrine
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91
Q

IN Qualitative Assesment of Platelet, this refers to the platelet RELEASE

A

Platelet lumiaggregation

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92
Q

IN Qualitative Assesment of Platelet, these are the platelet antibodies most noted

A

IgM and IgG

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93
Q

In vivo measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation on locally injured vascular subendothelium.

A

Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin

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94
Q

Provides an estimate of the integrity of the platelet plug and thereby measures the interaction between the capillaries and platelets

A

Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin

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95
Q

Reflects the number and quality of platelets, fibrinogen concentration, fibrinolytic activity, and packed red cell volume.

A

Clot Retraction

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96
Q

The degree of clot retraction is directly proportional to the number of platelets

True or False

A

True

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97
Q

The degree of clot retraction is inversely proportional to the hematocrit and the level of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen.

True or False

A

True

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98
Q

What are the agents that can be used to aggregate platelets?

CREATS

A

Agents such as ADP, collagen, epinephrine, snake venom, thrombin, and ristocetin

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99
Q

The principle of this test is that plasma-rich platelet is treated with an unknown aggregating agent

True or False

A

FALSE

platelet-rich plasma; known aggregating agent

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100
Q

The principle of this test is that plasma-rich platelet is treated with an unknown aggregating agent

True or False

A

FALSE

platelet-rich plasma; known aggregating agent

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101
Q

Available techniques can include complement fi xation methods, lysis of chromium 51–labeled platelets, assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins, and competitive inhibition assays.

A

Antiplatelet Antibody Assays

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102
Q

These are the available Antiplatelet Antibody Assay techniques

CoCoLA

A
  • complement fixation methods
  • competitive inhibition assays.
  • lysis of chromium 51–labeled platelets,
  • Assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins
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103
Q

What are the 6 vascular disorders?

direct, inherited, decreased, mechanical, microthrombi, vascular

A

Purpura associated with …
1. with direct endothelial cell damage.
2. with an inherited disease of the connective tissue.
3. with decreased mechanical strength of the
microcirculation.
4. with mechanical disruption of small venules.
5. with microthrombi
6. with vascular malignancy.

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104
Q

microthrombi refers to what?

A

small clots

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105
Q

Demonstrates the smallest platelets seen

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

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106
Q

Characterized by the presence of large platelets
and the presence of Döhle-like bodies in the granulocytic leukocytes

A

May-Hegglin anomaly

107
Q

Disorder that exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia

A

Alport syndrome

108
Q

Demonstrates the largest platelets.

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

109
Q

Bernard-Soulier syndrome is also known as

A

giant platelet syndrome

110
Q

In this disorder, it has been demonstrated that the giant platelets are probably an artifact of the slide

A

giant platelet syndrome

111
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome demonstrates
the largest platelets

True or False

A

False

smallest platelets seen

112
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome demonstrates
the largest platelets

True or False

A

False

smallest platelets seen

113
Q

May-Hegglin anomaly is characterized by thee presence of what?

A

large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies

114
Q

the presence of large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies are found in where?

A

in the granulocytic leukocytes

115
Q

Alport Syndrome exhibits what?

A

exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia

116
Q

What are the 2 QUANTITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS?

A
  • THROMBOCYTOPENIA
  • THROMBOCYTOSIS
117
Q

Thrombocytopenia has 3 disorders. What are those?

A
  1. Disorders of Production
  2. Disorders of Destruction or Utilization
  3. Disorders of Platelet Distributions
118
Q

associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders

A

THROMBOCYTOSIS

119
Q

Thrombocytosis is a hereditary or familial thrombocytosis associated with ger_x0002_mline mutations of what gene? in what receptor? of what gene?

A

mutations of the thrombopoietin (THPO) gene n the THPO receptor (MPL) gene

120
Q

Thrombocytosis associated with WHAT?

A

with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or
myelodysplastic disorders

121
Q

Reactive (secondary thrombocytosis)

A

THROMBOCYTOSIS

122
Q

Thrombocytopenia associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)

True or False

A

False

Thrombocytosis

123
Q

Thrombocytopenia associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)

True or False

A

False

Thrombocytosis

124
Q

What are the types of platelet dysfunction?

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATELETS: THROMBOCYTOPATHY

A
  1. Acquired
  2. Drug-Induced
  3. Platelet Membrane Receptors
  4. Hereditary
125
Q

What a the 3 HEREDITARY types of platelet dysfunctn?

A
  1. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
  2. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia and Essential
    Athrombia
  3. Hereditary Storage Pool Defect
126
Q

These are the 5 ACQUIRED types of platelet dysfunction?

CPUMM (sounds like sipon)

A
  1. Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Platelet Function
  2. Paraprotein Disorders
  3. Uremia
  4. Myeloproliferative Syndromes
  5. Miscellaneous Disorders Associated with Platelet
    Dysfuntion
127
Q

What intimal cell synthesizes and stores von Willebrand factor (VWF)?

A

Endothelial cell

128
Q

What subendothelial structural protein triggers coagulation
through activation of factor VII?

A

Thrombin

129
Q

What coagulation plasma protein should be assayed when
platelets fail to aggregate properly?

A

Fibrinogen

130
Q

What is the primary role of vitamin K for the prothrombin group factors?

A

Carboxylates the factors to allow calcium binding

131
Q

What is the source of prothrombin fragment F1.2?

A

Thrombin proteolysis of fibrinogen

132
Q

What serine protease forms a complex with factor VIIIa, and
what is the substrate of this complex?

A

Factor IXa, factor X

133
Q

hat protein secreted by endothelial cells activates fibrinolysis?

A

TPA

134
Q

What two regulatory proteins form a complex that digests
activated factors V and VIII?

A

APC and protein S

134
Q

What two regulatory proteins form a complex that digests
activated factors V and VIII?

A

APC and protein S

135
Q

What are the primary roles of VWF?

A

Mediate platelet adhesion and serve as a carrier molecule for factor VIII

136
Q

Most coagulation factors are synthesized in:

A

The liver

137
Q

The events involved in secondary hemostasis:

A

Lead to the formation of a stable fibrin clot

138
Q

Which of the following coagulation factors is activated by
thrombin and mediates the stabilization of the fibrin clot?

A

Factor XIII

139
Q

Which of the following endogenous plasma inhibitors is (are) important for the control of excessive thrombin generation?

A

AT, TFPI

140
Q

The clinical presentation of platelet-related bleeding may
include all of the following except:

Bruising
Nosebleeds
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Bleeding into the joints (hemarthroses)

A

Bleeding into the joints (hemarthroses)

141
Q

A defect in GP IIb/IIIa causes:

A

Glanzmann thrombasthenia

142
Q

Patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome have which of the following laboratory test findings?

A

Abnormal platelet response to ristocetin

143
Q

Which of the following is the most common of the hereditary
platelet function defects?

Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Storage pool defects
Multiple myeloma

A

Storage pool defects

144
Q

A reduction in thrombin generation in patients with Scott
syndrome results from:

A

Altered expression of phospholipids on the platelet membrane

145
Q

The impaired platelet function in myeloproliferative neoplasms
results from:

A

Decreased numbers of a granules and dense granules

146
Q

The platelet defect associated with increased paraproteins is:

A

Impaired membrane activation, owing to protein coating

147
Q

In uremia, platelet function is impaired by higher than normal levels of:

A

NO

148
Q

Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is not caused by:

A

Anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies

149
Q

Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is not caused by:

A

Anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies

150
Q

Aspirin ingestion blocks the synthesis of:

A

Thromboxane A2

151
Q

A mechanism of antiplatelet drugs targeting GP IIb/IIIa function is:

A

Direct binding to GP IIb/IIIa

152
Q

Which is a congenital qualitative platelet disorder?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

153
Q

The autosomal dominant disorder associated with decreased
platelet production is:

A

May-Hegglin anomaly

154
Q

Which of the following is not a hallmark of ITP?

A

Large overactive platelets

155
Q

The specific antigen most commonly responsible for the development of NAIT is

A

HPA-1a (Human platelet antigens)

156
Q

A 2-year-old child with an unexpected platelet count of
15,000/mL and a recent history of a viral infection most
likely has

A

Acute ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)

157
Q

Which drug causes a reduction in platelet count by inhibiting megakaryocyte maturation?

A

Anagrelide

158
Q

A defect in primary hemostasis (platelet response to an injury) often results in:

A

Mucosal bleeding

159
Q

When a drug acts as a hapten to induce thrombocytopenia, an antibody forms against which of the following?

A

The combination of the drug and the platelet membrane protein to which it is bound

160
Q

Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) refers to:

A

Abnormal bone formation, including hypoplasia of the forearms

161
Q

Neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenia occurs when

A

The mother has an autoimmune antibody to her own
platelets, which crosses the placenta and reacts with the
infant’s platelets

162
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children is associated with:

A

Diarrhea caused by Shigella species

163
Q

Treatment with an anticomplement agent such as eculi-zumab is first-line therapy for:

A

Atypical HUS

164
Q

Which of the following statements regarding thrombocytosis is not true?

a. Thrombocytosis can be associated with hemorrhage
and thrombosis
b. Affected patients have platelet counts in excess of
450,000/mL
c. Thrombocytosis is self-correcting
d. Thrombocytosis can be congenital or acquired

A

c. Thrombocytosis is self-correcting

165
Q

The endpoint of primary hemostasis

A

Platelet plug

166
Q

Upon exposure to the collagen ECM (???) or the subendothelium after vessel injury automatic platelets will now do….

A

Platelet adhesion

167
Q

The adhesion does not happen directly but there is a bridge and this is your Von Willebrand factor.

True or False

A

True

168
Q

This is the largest molecule of all coagulation factors

A

vWF

169
Q

What is the molecular weight of vWF?

A

molecular weight is 50-200 million

170
Q

vWF is produced in two cells …

A

Megakaryocytes and Endothelial cells.

171
Q

The Endothelium has granules called …

A

Weibel Palade Bodies

172
Q

The excess from the produced vWF will be stored where?

A

in the ɑ granules of the platelets

173
Q

It is the most abundant of all platelets

A

ɑ granules

174
Q

These granules have plenty of secretory products

A

ɑ granules

175
Q

Von Willebrand factor can be found freely in our plasma not alone but as a carrier molecule for factor VIII

True or False

A

True

176
Q

Von Willebrand factor can be found freely in our plasma not alone but as a carrier molecule for what factor?

A

Factor VIII

177
Q

It can be the bridge because it is received by glycoprotein Ib/V/IX

A

vWF

178
Q

Von Willebrand can be the bridge because it is received by what glycoprotein?

A

glycoprotein Ib/V/IX

179
Q

This is the receptor, andwhere Von Willebrand factor is attached

A

glycoprotein Ib/V/IX

180
Q

Von Willebrand factor can also attach to subendothelium, and it is the mechanism by which adhesion can happen.

True or False

A

True

181
Q

The second step, which is the shape change, happens when?

A

during platelet activation or platelet secretion or platelet release mechanism.

182
Q

During platelet activation/platelet secretion/platelet release, the shape of the platelet changes from the disk to what?

A

spherical.

183
Q

This is the phenomenon where they will be spherical and possess pseudopods/tentacles

A

viscous metamorphosis

184
Q

Platelet cohesion or platelet aggregation are different

True or False

A

False

the same

185
Q

It is a very potent platelet aggregator

A

ADP

186
Q

It is a very potent activator and aggregator.

A

Thromboxane A2

187
Q

This is the primary product of eicosanoid pathway, thromboxane pathway, prostaglandin pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway.

A

Thromboxane A2

188
Q

This is the primary product of eicosanoid pathway, thromboxane pathway, prostaglandin pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway.

A

Thromboxane A2

189
Q

serotonin is released by the dense bodies.

True or False

A

True

190
Q

Aggregation is not hemostatic plug, we call it …

A

PLATELET PLUG

191
Q

This aggregates our platelet with fibrin

A

platelet plug

192
Q

aggregation will happen by virtue of glycoprotein WHAT complex on the surface of platelets.

A

glycoprotein IIb/IIIA

193
Q

This is also where fibrin attaches

A

glycoprotein IIb/IIIA

194
Q

What is the disorder wherein glycoproteins Ib/V/IX is dysfunctional or lacking?

A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

195
Q

When a patient has Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, this means that the patient is a what?

A

The patient is a bleeder.

196
Q

Why is the Bernard-Soulier syndrome or much bleeding?

A

Because there is poor adhesion. There is no bridging because the platelets, without glycoproteins Ib/V/IX, cannot connect with the vWF.

197
Q

The vWF is found in our plasma.

True or False

A

True

198
Q

platelet plug results from what hemostasis?

A

primary

199
Q

It is a platelet factor that is included also in the secondary hemostasis.

A

platelet factor 3, also called phospholipid.

200
Q

It will serve as the surface for the coagulation factors activity in the secondary hemostasis or coagulation.

A

phospholipid

201
Q

The phospholipid is outside the platelet plug.

True or False

A

False

inside

202
Q

The phospholipid is outside the platelet plug.

True or False

A

False

inside

203
Q

PPL (platelet factor 3), when in combination with tissue factor, we call the complex as …

A

thromboplastin

204
Q

prothrombin comes from the

A

liver

205
Q

Promthrombin will be acted upon by the what complex to become thrombin?

A

prothrombinase

206
Q

stable fibrin clot will result after factor WHAT activity.

A

Factor 13

207
Q

When factor 13 acts on the polymer, it will now become a ..

A

stable fibrin clot.

208
Q

This is the end product or end point of secondary hemostasis/coagulation mechanism in vivo.

A

stable fibrin clot

209
Q

what is the endpoint in vitro of coagulation mechanisms?

A

fibrin polymer

210
Q

The only enzyme which is the active enzyme form of plasminogen.

A

plasmin

211
Q

These will activate the plasminogen in order for it to become plasmin

A

t-PA

tissue-plasminogen activators

212
Q

These will activate the plasminogen in order for it to become plasmin

A

t-PA

tissue-plasminogen activators

213
Q

This will destroy the stable fibrin clot.

A

Plasmin

214
Q

When fibrin clot has been destroyed by the plasmin, there will be what we call …

A

fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product (FDP)/fibrin-fibrinogen split product (FSP)

215
Q

These are the end products of fibrinolysis

A

FSP and FDP

216
Q

These will be engulfed by the mononuclear phagocyte system to be part of the amino acid pool of the body for recycling

A

FSP and FDP

217
Q

Why must FSP and FDP be eliminated from the body?

A

because they are antithrombins

218
Q

You will eventually become a bleeder if you have many WHAT?

A

antithrombins.

219
Q

These contradict thrombins, thus, there will be no clotting.

A

antithrombins

220
Q

Final phase of hemostasis:

A

fibrinolysis

221
Q

This increases the adhesiveness of platelets.

A

ADP

222
Q

The transformation of the platelets from a disc to a sphere with pseudopods produces what?

A

surface membrane reorganization.

223
Q

This results in release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents.

A

Internal contraction of the platelet

224
Q

Aggregation can happen because of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa that receives the fibrin threads.

True or False

A

True

225
Q

This machine is older between the two machine. Has electrical impedance.

A

Coulter machine

226
Q

How many minutees is the standing time for platelet count?

A

30 mins

227
Q

Under platelet count, we have AUTOMATIC and MICROSCOPIC/MANUAL

treu or false

A

true

228
Q

The best microscopic direct method

A

brecher-cronkite

229
Q

You will not report your estimate platelet, what you will report is the platelet count

True or false

A

True

230
Q

It is the reference method to assess the platelet function, but not anymore

A

Template Bleeding Time

231
Q

What test to to determine the platelet function?

A

platelet aggregometry, platelet aggregation test using platelet aggregometer

232
Q

it means the adhesion, secretion, and aggregation

A

platelet function

233
Q

Capillary Fragility Test or Rumpel-Leede phenomenon, wherein you will count petechiae

True or false

A

true

234
Q

Also called arachidonic acid

A

Arachidonate

235
Q

To determine the release mechanism of platelet

A

Platelet lumi aggregation

236
Q

This was based on the old technology Platelet Factor III Availability

A

Platelet lumi aggregation

237
Q

If there is ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY connection, it is called

A

IMMUNE COMPLEX

238
Q

End point of complement activity is ALWAYS what?

A

LYSIS

239
Q

This is the INACTIVE thromboxane

A

thromboxane B2

240
Q

What system are monocytes and macrophages are often referred to as?

A

mononuclear phagocyte system

241
Q

this is the old name of mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Reticuloendothelial system

242
Q

This came from a proenzyme–prothrombin

A

thrombin

243
Q

They induce coagulation

A

procoagulants

244
Q

Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) is also called

A

Thrombocythemia

245
Q

essential due to bone marrow disorde

A

Primary Thrombocythemia/Thrombocytosis

246
Q

When we say, “qualitative characteristics”, this is …

A

Thrombocytopathy

247
Q

When cells in common myeloid have cancer/leukemia, this is

A

myeloproliferative syndrome.

248
Q

3 types of lymphocytes:

A

B cell, T cell, and null cell

249
Q

this is non-T/non-B; sometimes called a natural killer cell or large granular lymphocyte.

A

Null cell

250
Q

In uremia, what is elevated?

A

BUN

251
Q

With this disorder, abnormal gamma globulins are produced.

A

Paraprotein Disorders

252
Q

madaling magbreak ang mga blood vessels if deficient in what vitamiin?

A

vit C

253
Q

The lifespan of platelets is …

A

9 to 10 days.

254
Q

Duke’s Method is not accurate

True or false

A

true

255
Q

NO THROMBOXANE input = NO PLATELET ACTIVATOR = shorter bleeding time

True or false

A

false

l0nger

256
Q

BLOOD THINNER

A

aspirin

257
Q

Reference method of hematocrit is microhematocrit not the wintrobe method

true or false

A

true

258
Q

Reference method of platelet count is reese-ecker

True or false

A

true

259
Q

Hemostasis is a complex physiologic process that keeps circulating blood in what state?

A

in a fluid state

260
Q

This refers to pathologic clotting

A

thrombosis

261
Q

These carry blood throughout the body

A

Blood vessels

262
Q

The plug must be reinforced by what?

A

fibrin

263
Q

Endothelial cells are heterogenous

True or false

A

true

264
Q

This induces smooth muscle relaxation and subsequent vasodilation

A

NO

265
Q

This inhibits platelet activation and promotes angiogenesis and healthy arterioles

A

NO

266
Q

What are the 6 Disorders of Destruction or Utilization?

D’HIITT

A
  1. Destruction caused by Immune Mechanisms, Antigens, Antibodies or Complement
  2. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
  3. Increased Utilization of Platelets
  4. Immune Thrombocytopenia
  5. Thrombocytopenia
  6. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

HEMATOLOGY 2 - LECTURE (9 decks)

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