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HEMATOLOGY 2 - LECTURE > LESSON 1: BLOOD VESSELS, STRUCTURE, & PHYSIOLOGY/ENDOTHELIUM > Flashcards

LESSON 1: BLOOD VESSELS, STRUCTURE, & PHYSIOLOGY/ENDOTHELIUM Flashcards

1
Q

Microcirculation is composed of what?

A

Arterioles, the microscopic continuation of the arteries, and venules, the continuation of veins.

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2
Q

The arterioles and venules anastomose to form what?

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

What are the smallest of blood vessels?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

What occurs in the capillaries?

A

This is where exchange of gases and metabolites occur.

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5
Q

What is the cycle of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Circulatory System
  2. Arteries
  3. Arterioles
  4. Metarterioles
  5. Capillaries
  6. Venules
  7. Veins
  8. Heart
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6
Q

The maintenance of circulatory hemostasis is achieved
through the process of balancing what?

A

Bleeding (hemorrhage) and clotting (thrombosis)

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7
Q

What are the 4 components of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular System
  2. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
  3. Blood Coagulation Factors
  4. Fibrinolysis and ultimate tissue repair
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8
Q

What are the 5 processes involved in hemostasis following
injury to a small blood vessel? Pag nasugatan ka, ano mangyayari?

A
  1. Blood vessel spasm
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Contact among damaged blood vessel, blood platelet, and coagulation proteins
  4. Development of a blood clot around the injury
  5. Fibrinolytic removal of excess hemostatic material to reestablish vascular integrity
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9
Q

Blood Vasculature: What are the Types of Blood Vessels?

A
  1. Arteries and Veins
  2. Arterioles and Venules
  3. Capillaries
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10
Q

Blood Vasculature: What are the 3 Tissue Zones?

A
  1. Tunica Adventitia/Tunica Externa
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Intima/Tunica Interna
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11
Q

It is a reflex in which blood vessels narrow to
increase blood pressure

A

Vasoconstriction

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12
Q

What are the 2 neurotransmitters/hormones that promote vasoconstriction?

A

Epinephrine and Serotonin

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13
Q

Vasoconstriction is caused by what chemical?

A

Thromboxane A2

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14
Q

How is thromboxane a2 produced?

A

It is from activated platelets and injured epithelial cells, nervous system reflexes from pain, and direct injury to vascular smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is the function of thromboxane A2?

A

mediate activation of additional platelets, resulting in the formation of a platelet plug.

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16
Q

What are the 4 roles of Endothelium?

A
  1. Regulates the permeability of the inner vessel wall and provides the principal stimulus to thrombosis following injury to a blood vessel.
  2. Involved in the clotting process by producing or storing clotting components
  3. Rich with PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR, which if appropriately stimulated, is released and activated plasminogen which ensures rapid lysis of fibrin clots
  4. Elaborates PROSTACYCLIN, which is synthesized by the endothelium from PROSTAGLANDIN precursors and strongly inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion
17
Q

These are produced in a variety of tissues, where they act
as modulators of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production.

A

Endothelins

18
Q

What are the 3 members of the Endothelin Family?

A

Endothelin 1, 2, and 3

19
Q

It is the only family member produced in endothelial cells and is also produced in vascular smooth muscle cells.

A

Endothelin 1

20
Q

It has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions, such as proliferation and development in neurons and astrocytes. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney.

A

Endothelin 3

21
Q

It is produced predominantly within the kidney and intestine,
with smaller amounts produced in the myocardium, placenta, and uterus

A

Endothelin 2

22
Q

It plays an important role in the initiation,
progression, and clinical complications of various forms of
inflammatory and degenerative vascular diseases

A

Endothelial Dysfunction

23
Q

What are the 4 stimuli of Endothelial Dysfunction?

A
  1. Immunoregulatory Substances (Tumor Necrosis Factor/TNF & Interlukin-1/IL1)
  2. Viral infection and Transformation
  3. Bacterial Toxins
  4. Cholesterol/Oxidatively modified lipoproteins
24
Q

Disruption of the endothelium directly activates all four
components of hemostasis.

True or False

A

TRUE

25
Q

What are the 4 phases after endothelial dysfunction?

A
  1. 1st Phase: rapid vasoconstriction for up to 30 mins reduces blood flow and promotes contact activation of platelets and coagulation factors.
  2. 2nd Phase: platelets adhere immediately to the exposed
    subendothelial connective tissue, particularly collagen.
  3. 3rd Phase: coagulation is initiated through both the intrinsic and extrinsic systems.
  4. 4th phase: fibrinolysis occurs following the release of tissue plasminogen activators (t-PAs) from the vascular wall. Fibrinolytic removal of excess hemostatic material is necessary to reestablish vascular integrity.
26
Q

The aggregated platelets enhance sustained vasoconstriction by releasing what chemicals?

A

thromboxane A2 and vasoactive amines, including serotonin and epinephrine.

27
Q

What are the Essential Factors for Vascular Integrity?

Maintenance of Vascular Integrity

A
  1. Circulating Functional Platelets
  2. Adrenocorticosteroids
  3. Ascorbic Acid
28
Q

A lack of these (Circulating functional Platelets, Adrenocorticosteroids, Ascrobic acid) factors produces what to the vessels?

A

Produces fragility of the vessels, which
makes them prone to disruption.

29
Q

The integrity of arterioles and venules depends on what?

Maintenance of Vascular Integrity

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. the formation of a plug of fused platelets
    over the injury
  3. formation of a fibrin clot.
30
Q

Vasoconstriction is of ultimate importance in damaged veins.

True or False

A

FALSE

Vasoconstriction is of ultimate importance in damaged arteries.

31
Q

Veins, which contain 70% of the blood volume, may
rupture with a slight decrease in hydrostatic pressure.

True or False

A

FALSE

may rupture with a slight increase in hydrostatic pressure

HEMATOLOGY 2 - LECTURE (9 decks)

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