Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bacteriology > Prevention and Treatment of Infections > Flashcards

Prevention and Treatment of Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Communicable Disease

A

disease spread from one person to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Contagious Disease

A

readily spread between people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First Line of Defense Against Infectious Disease

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogen Level Infection Control

A

hand hygiene most important control measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Procedures of Pathogen Level Control

A

Sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, antisepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sterlilization

A

a validated process used to render a product free of all forms of microorganisms, including endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disinfection

A

elimination of most pathogens, excluding spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Decontamination

A

reduction of pathogenic microorganisms to a level where the items are safe to handle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antisepsis

A

disinfection of living tissue or skin for the removal of transient micorflora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Host Level Infection Control

A

innate and adaptive immune systems. Control- immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Passive Immunization

A

administration of antibodies. Immunity does not last long and can lead to antibody-mediated anaphylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Active Immunization

A

vaccination- the administration of components of a pathogen to induce host immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vaccines

A

harmless components of the infectious agents when introduced into the host to induce a specific defense response without having to go through the disease. Cheaper than diagnosis and treatment- reduce human suffering from diseases which don’t have a cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Vaccines

A

inactivated, live-attenuated, recombinant, toxoid, vector, mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inactivated Vaccine

A

killed version of the germ that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

A

weakened version of the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Recombinant Vaccine

A

produced through recombinant DNA technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Toxoid Vaccine

A

made from a toxin that has been made harmless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vector Vaccine

A

modified version of a different virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mRNA Vaccine

A

introduce mRNA that correspond to a viral protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Environmental Level Infection Control

A

knowledge of maintenance of the pathogens in the environment and their transmission modes. Water, soil, air, food, vectors, fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antimicrobials

A

drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication or growth or prevent their pathogenic effect. Can be of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antibiotic

A

substance produced by microorganisms that at a low concentration inhibits or kills other microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Classification of Antimicrobial Agents
chemical family structure, mode of action, type of antimicrobial activity, spectrum of antimicrobial activity
26
Antimicrobial Classes based on mode of action
target cell wall/cell membrane, target nucleic acid synthesis, target protein synthesis
27
Target Cell Wall
beta lactams (penicillin, ampicillin), glycopeptides (vancomycin)
28
Target Nucleic Acid Synthesis
sulfonamides/trimethropin-Folic acid synthesis (purine metabolism) fluoriqionolona (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) Rifampin (RNA)
29
Target Protein Synthesis
tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol
30
Broad-Spectrum Antibacterials
active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, cephalosporins)
31
Narrow Spectrum Antibacterials
have limited activity and are primarily only useful against particular species of microorganisms
32
Bactericidal
kills bacteria
33
Bacteriostatic
inhibits bacteria
34
Why use antibiotics in animals
1. reduction of animal pain and suffering 2. Protection of livelihood and animal resources 3. assurance of continuous production of foods of animal origin 4. prevention or minimizing shedding of zoonotic bacteria into the environment and the food chain 5. Containment of potentially large-scale epidemics that could result in severe loss of animal and human lives
35
Non-therapeutic use of antibiotics
growth promotion in meat industry. Prophylaxis (prevention), metaphylactic (control)
36
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
laboratory test to determine whether a bacteria is susceptible to a particular antimicrobial agent. Performed for selecting an antimicrobial for treatment or tracking of antimicrobial resistance
37
Methods of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
broth/agar dilution test | Disk diffusion test
38
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth. Drugs with lower MIC values are better choices for treatment
39
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
amount required to completely kill bacteria
40
Susceptibility Break Point
drug concentration above which an organism is considered resistant and ot or below this value organism is susceptible to that drug
41
Break Point Values
susceptible, intermediate, resistant
42
Disk Diffusion
Kirby Bauer Test. Standardized bacterial inoculum spread on agar plate. Single concentration antimicrobial disks are placed on plate and incubated. Growth inhibition zone diameter is measured
43
Broth Dilution Test
add multiple dilutions of antimicrobial agents in the tubes. Add a standardized inoculum of bacteria. Measure the MIC.
44
E-Test Gradient Diffusion Test
uses diffusion and dilution MIC values can be obtained via gradient of concentration of antimicrobial
45
Susceptible
high likelihood of therapeutic success
46
Intermediate
uncertain therapeutic outcome
47
Resistant
high likelihood of therapeutic failure
48
Pharmacodynamics
effect of the drug on the body; mechanism of action and efficacy
49
Pharmacokinetics
fate of the drug in the body (absorption, transformation, distribution, elimination)
50
Post-Antibiotic Effect
suppression of bacterial growth that persists after brief exposure of organisms to antimicrobials. May have a clinical impact on antimicrobial dosing regimens.
51
Why use antimicrobial combinations
1. to obtain antimicrobial synergism 2. to treat polymicrobial infections 3. To decrease the emergence of antimicrobial resistance 4. To reduce drug toxicity
52
What determines what drug to use?
location of infection, cost of therapy, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drug, condition of the patient
53
Four-Quadrant Therapy
used when the consequences of treatment failure is detrimental. Is effective against all likely bacteria. Maximizes the effect of antimicorbial therapy when the pathogen is unkown
54
Beta Lactam Antimicrobials
penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, sublactams, carbapenems, monobactams
55
Beta Lactam Mechanism of Action
inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan synthesis)
56
Beta Lactam Spectrum of Activity
differ in their spectrum of activities
57
Beta Lactam type of antibacterial activity
bactericidal
58
Beta Lactam Adverse Effects
penicillin allergy and anaphylxis
59
Tetracyclines
oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline
60
Tetracycline Mechanism of Action
inhibit protein synthesis (bind to 30s ribosome)
61
Tetracycline Spectrum of Activity
broad spectrum
62
Tetracycline type of antibacterial activity
bacteriostatic
63
Tetracycline Adverse effects
irritant, cardiovascular effects, tooth discoloration, alteration of intestinal flora and enterocolitis, nephrotoxicity
64
Aminoglycosides
gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin
65
Aminoglycosides mechanism of action
inhibit protein synthesis (30s ribosome)
66
Aminoglycoside spectrum of activity
broad spectrum
67
Aminoglycoside type of antibacterial activity
bactericidal
68
Aminoglycoside adverse effects
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity/cranial nerve VII toxicity/vestibular or cochlear damage
69
Fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin
70
Fluoroquinolone Mechanism of action
inhibit DNA gyrase
71
Fluoroquinolone spectrum of activity
broad spectrum
72
Fluoroquinolone type of antibacterial activity
bactericidal
73
Fluoroquinolone adverse effects
arthropathy, ocular toxicity in cats
74
Macrolides
erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
75
Macrolides mechanism of action
inhibit protein synthesis (50s ribosome)
76
Macrolides spectrum of activity
broad spectrum
77
Macrolides type of antibacterial activity
bacteriostatic
78
Macrolides adverse effects
GI effects
79
Sulfa or potentiated sulfa drugs
sulphonamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine
80
Sulfa mechanism of action
inhibit folic acid synthesis and subsequently prevents nucleic acid synthesis pathway
81
Sulfa spectrum of activity
broad spectrum
82
Sulfa type of antibacterial activity
bacteriostatic
83
Sulfa adverse effects
allergic reactions in dogs, keratoconjuctivitis sicca in dogs
84
True antibiotic examples
penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin
85
Semi-synthetic antimicrobial examples
ampicillin, amikacin
86
Synthetic antimicrobial examples
sulfonamide, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin
87
What are the main factors you need to consider when implementing an antimicrobial therapy?
the drug, microbiology, and patient
88
How do you interpret antimicrobial susceptibility results?
based on published reference breakpoints

Bacteriology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions