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Bacteriology > Prevention and Treatment of Infections > Flashcards

Prevention and Treatment of Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Communicable Disease

A

disease spread from one person to another

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3
Q

Contagious Disease

A

readily spread between people

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4
Q

First Line of Defense Against Infectious Disease

A

brain

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5
Q

Pathogen Level Infection Control

A

hand hygiene most important control measure

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6
Q

Procedures of Pathogen Level Control

A

Sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, antisepsis

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7
Q

Sterlilization

A

a validated process used to render a product free of all forms of microorganisms, including endospores

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8
Q

Disinfection

A

elimination of most pathogens, excluding spores

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9
Q

Decontamination

A

reduction of pathogenic microorganisms to a level where the items are safe to handle

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10
Q

Antisepsis

A

disinfection of living tissue or skin for the removal of transient micorflora

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11
Q

Host Level Infection Control

A

innate and adaptive immune systems. Control- immunization

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12
Q

Passive Immunization

A

administration of antibodies. Immunity does not last long and can lead to antibody-mediated anaphylaxis

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13
Q

Active Immunization

A

vaccination- the administration of components of a pathogen to induce host immune response

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14
Q

Vaccines

A

harmless components of the infectious agents when introduced into the host to induce a specific defense response without having to go through the disease. Cheaper than diagnosis and treatment- reduce human suffering from diseases which don’t have a cure

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15
Q

Types of Vaccines

A

inactivated, live-attenuated, recombinant, toxoid, vector, mRNA

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16
Q

Inactivated Vaccine

A

killed version of the germ that causes disease

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17
Q

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

A

weakened version of the virus

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18
Q

Recombinant Vaccine

A

produced through recombinant DNA technology

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19
Q

Toxoid Vaccine

A

made from a toxin that has been made harmless

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20
Q

Vector Vaccine

A

modified version of a different virus

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21
Q

mRNA Vaccine

A

introduce mRNA that correspond to a viral protein

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22
Q

Environmental Level Infection Control

A

knowledge of maintenance of the pathogens in the environment and their transmission modes. Water, soil, air, food, vectors, fomites

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23
Q

Antimicrobials

A

drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication or growth or prevent their pathogenic effect. Can be of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin

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24
Q

Antibiotic

A

substance produced by microorganisms that at a low concentration inhibits or kills other microorganisms

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25
Q

Classification of Antimicrobial Agents

A

chemical family structure, mode of action, type of antimicrobial activity, spectrum of antimicrobial activity

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26
Q

Antimicrobial Classes based on mode of action

A

target cell wall/cell membrane, target nucleic acid synthesis, target protein synthesis

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27
Q

Target Cell Wall

A

beta lactams (penicillin, ampicillin), glycopeptides (vancomycin)

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28
Q

Target Nucleic Acid Synthesis

A

sulfonamides/trimethropin-Folic acid synthesis (purine metabolism)
fluoriqionolona (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin)
Rifampin (RNA)

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29
Q

Target Protein Synthesis

A

tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol

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30
Q

Broad-Spectrum Antibacterials

A

active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, cephalosporins)

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31
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibacterials

A

have limited activity and are primarily only useful against particular species of microorganisms

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32
Q

Bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

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33
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibits bacteria

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34
Q

Why use antibiotics in animals

A
  1. reduction of animal pain and suffering
  2. Protection of livelihood and animal resources
  3. assurance of continuous production of foods of animal origin
  4. prevention or minimizing shedding of zoonotic bacteria into the environment and the food chain
  5. Containment of potentially large-scale epidemics that could result in severe loss of animal and human lives
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35
Q

Non-therapeutic use of antibiotics

A

growth promotion in meat industry. Prophylaxis (prevention), metaphylactic (control)

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36
Q

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

A

laboratory test to determine whether a bacteria is susceptible to a particular antimicrobial agent. Performed for selecting an antimicrobial for treatment or tracking of antimicrobial resistance

37
Q

Methods of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

A

broth/agar dilution test

Disk diffusion test

38
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

A

minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth. Drugs with lower MIC values are better choices for treatment

39
Q

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

A

amount required to completely kill bacteria

40
Q

Susceptibility Break Point

A

drug concentration above which an organism is considered resistant and ot or below this value organism is susceptible to that drug

41
Q

Break Point Values

A

susceptible, intermediate, resistant

42
Q

Disk Diffusion

A

Kirby Bauer Test. Standardized bacterial inoculum spread on agar plate. Single concentration antimicrobial disks are placed on plate and incubated. Growth inhibition zone diameter is measured

43
Q

Broth Dilution Test

A

add multiple dilutions of antimicrobial agents in the tubes. Add a standardized inoculum of bacteria. Measure the MIC.

44
Q

E-Test Gradient Diffusion Test

A

uses diffusion and dilution MIC values can be obtained via gradient of concentration of antimicrobial

45
Q

Susceptible

A

high likelihood of therapeutic success

46
Q

Intermediate

A

uncertain therapeutic outcome

47
Q

Resistant

A

high likelihood of therapeutic failure

48
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

effect of the drug on the body; mechanism of action and efficacy

49
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

fate of the drug in the body (absorption, transformation, distribution, elimination)

50
Q

Post-Antibiotic Effect

A

suppression of bacterial growth that persists after brief exposure of organisms to antimicrobials. May have a clinical impact on antimicrobial dosing regimens.

51
Q

Why use antimicrobial combinations

A
  1. to obtain antimicrobial synergism
  2. to treat polymicrobial infections
  3. To decrease the emergence of antimicrobial resistance
  4. To reduce drug toxicity
52
Q

What determines what drug to use?

A

location of infection, cost of therapy, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drug, condition of the patient

53
Q

Four-Quadrant Therapy

A

used when the consequences of treatment failure is detrimental. Is effective against all likely bacteria. Maximizes the effect of antimicorbial therapy when the pathogen is unkown

54
Q

Beta Lactam Antimicrobials

A

penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, sublactams, carbapenems, monobactams

55
Q

Beta Lactam Mechanism of Action

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan synthesis)

56
Q

Beta Lactam Spectrum of Activity

A

differ in their spectrum of activities

57
Q

Beta Lactam type of antibacterial activity

A

bactericidal

58
Q

Beta Lactam Adverse Effects

A

penicillin allergy and anaphylxis

59
Q

Tetracyclines

A

oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline

60
Q

Tetracycline Mechanism of Action

A

inhibit protein synthesis (bind to 30s ribosome)

61
Q

Tetracycline Spectrum of Activity

A

broad spectrum

62
Q

Tetracycline type of antibacterial activity

A

bacteriostatic

63
Q

Tetracycline Adverse effects

A

irritant, cardiovascular effects, tooth discoloration, alteration of intestinal flora and enterocolitis, nephrotoxicity

64
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin

65
Q

Aminoglycosides mechanism of action

A

inhibit protein synthesis (30s ribosome)

66
Q

Aminoglycoside spectrum of activity

A

broad spectrum

67
Q

Aminoglycoside type of antibacterial activity

A

bactericidal

68
Q

Aminoglycoside adverse effects

A

nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity/cranial nerve VII toxicity/vestibular or cochlear damage

69
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

70
Q

Fluoroquinolone Mechanism of action

A

inhibit DNA gyrase

71
Q

Fluoroquinolone spectrum of activity

A

broad spectrum

72
Q

Fluoroquinolone type of antibacterial activity

A

bactericidal

73
Q

Fluoroquinolone adverse effects

A

arthropathy, ocular toxicity in cats

74
Q

Macrolides

A

erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

75
Q

Macrolides mechanism of action

A

inhibit protein synthesis (50s ribosome)

76
Q

Macrolides spectrum of activity

A

broad spectrum

77
Q

Macrolides type of antibacterial activity

A

bacteriostatic

78
Q

Macrolides adverse effects

A

GI effects

79
Q

Sulfa or potentiated sulfa drugs

A

sulphonamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine

80
Q

Sulfa mechanism of action

A

inhibit folic acid synthesis and subsequently prevents nucleic acid synthesis pathway

81
Q

Sulfa spectrum of activity

A

broad spectrum

82
Q

Sulfa type of antibacterial activity

A

bacteriostatic

83
Q

Sulfa adverse effects

A

allergic reactions in dogs, keratoconjuctivitis sicca in dogs

84
Q

True antibiotic examples

A

penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin

85
Q

Semi-synthetic antimicrobial examples

A

ampicillin, amikacin

86
Q

Synthetic antimicrobial examples

A

sulfonamide, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin

87
Q

What are the main factors you need to consider when implementing an antimicrobial therapy?

A

the drug, microbiology, and patient

88
Q

How do you interpret antimicrobial susceptibility results?

A

based on published reference breakpoints

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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