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Bacteriology > Anaerobes > Flashcards

Anaerobes Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Anaerobic Bacteria

A
  1. most infections are of endogenous origin
  2. Require anaerobic environment/devitalized tissue
  3. Obligate anaerobes do not tolerate oxygen
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2
Q

Gram Positive Anaerobes

A

spore forming (ex Clostridium)

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3
Q

Gram Negative Anaerobes

A

not spore forming (ex Fusobacterium necrophorum)

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4
Q

Sign of Anaerobic Infection

A

infection not responding to treatment with aminoglycosides

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5
Q

What is a predisposing factor to infection with Clostridium?

A

necrosis

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6
Q

Major types of Disease caused by Clostridium

A
  1. neurotoxic- toxic to nerves
  2. Histotoxic- affect tissues
  3. Enterotoxic- damage GI tract
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7
Q

Neurotoxic Clostridium

A

C. botulinum, C. tetani, C. perfringens

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8
Q

Histotoxic Clostridium

A

C. chauvoei, S. septicum, C. novyi,

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9
Q

Enterotoxic Clostridium

A

C. perfringens, C. difficile

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10
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

causes tetanus. Produces potent neurotoxin. More common in horses.

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11
Q

Clostridium tetani pathogenesis

A
  1. wound infection
  2. toxin produced in wound
  3. toxin enters motor nerves
  4. retrograde transport
  5. prevents release of neurotransmitters glycine and GABA
  6. spastic paralysis
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12
Q

What neurotoxin is produced by Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanospasmin

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13
Q

Ascending tetanus

A

occurs in less susceptible animals (dogs and cats)

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14
Q

Descending Tetanus

A

occurs in more susceptible species (horses and humans)

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15
Q

Clostridium tetani Diagnosis

A

clinical signs and history of recent wound. Culture often unrewarding and serology not useful

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16
Q

Clostridium tetani Treatment

A

antitoxin, antimicrobial, supportive care

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17
Q

Clostridium tetani Control

A

immunization, wound management, aseptic techniques

18
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

causes botulism.

19
Q

Botulism

A

caused by food intoxication due to consumption of food contaminated with botulinum neurotoxin. Inhibits neurotransmitter release (acetylcholine) and causes flaccid paralysis

20
Q

Botulism clinical signs

A

symmetrical flaccid paralysis of muscles. Because of the lack of pathological changes and sometimes apparently vague symptomology such as downer cow, it can be missed as a diagnosis

21
Q

Botulism Diagnosis

A

not always practical.

22
Q

Botulism Treatment

A

antitoxin neutralizes unbound toxin only and is useful only if animal is still actively absorbing toxin, once toxin enters blood stream it is quickly bound to receptors

23
Q

Black Leg

A

caused by Clostridium chauvoei. Endospores are ingested and migrate through lymphatics or blood stream to muscle. Metabolic products of fermentation often have distinctive smells. Activation of endogenous spores in muscle

24
Q

Clostridium septicum

A

causes malignant edema (gas gangrene). Also causes Braxy in sheep and necrotic dermatitis in chicken

25
Q

Clostridium septicum Diagnosis

A
  1. direct gram staining

2. direct fluorescent antibody test

26
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type D

A

causes enterotoxin in sheep and goat (overeating disease). Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia. Rapid postmortem autolysis of the kidneys resulting in a pulpy kidney

27
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Causes enterocolitis. Dysbiosis/dysbacteriosis

28
Q

Clostridium difficile Risk Factors

A

recent antibiotic use, old age, hospitalization

29
Q

Dysbiosis

A

general microbial imbalance of the body

30
Q

C. difficile Diarrhea Treatment

A
  1. antimicrobials in severe cases
  2. Probiotics- lactobacillus, Saccharomyces replaces flora
  3. Avoid anti-diarrheals- result in accumulation of toxin
  4. Fecal transplantation
31
Q

Clostridium spiroforme

A

causes explosive diarrhea in rabbits 4-8 weeks old. Antibiotics, lincomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin are contraindicated in rabbits.

32
Q

Why are antibiotics contraindicated in rabbits?

A

they induce Clostridium-related enterotoxemia due to their selective effect on normal gram-positive bacteria

33
Q

Clostridium Piliforme

A

gram negative Clostridium that causes Tyzzers disease in lab animals. Cannot be cultured

34
Q

Tyzzers Disease

A

disease of lab animals caused by Clostridium piriforme. Associated with focal liver necrosis.

35
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

involved in liver abscess and foot rot in cattle and sheep

36
Q

General guidelines for treatment

A

aminoglycosides, sulfonamides are not effective. Antimicrobials. Depends on condition

37
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria Transmission

A

spread by direct extension from mucosal surfaces

38
Q

General Guidelines for Prevention

A

vaccination for foot rot. Hygiene and management of wounds

39
Q

Characteristics of necrosis

A
  1. provides an initial opportunity for Clostridium to grow
  2. the host response to many Clostridial infections
  3. facilitates the rapid spread of infection through the body
40
Q

Anaerobic species

A 
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringes
Clostridium difficile
C. septicum
C. chauveoi
C. novyi
41
Q

What toxin is in all Clostridium perfringens?

A

Alpha Toxin

42
Q

Most lethal endotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringens

A

Epsilon toxin

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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