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Bacteriology > Gram Positive Rods > Flashcards

Gram Positive Rods Flashcards

1
Q

Bacillus

A

large gram-positive rapidly growing bacteria. Endospore-forming rods. Aerobic or facultative anaerobic. Ubiquitous in nature

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2
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

obligate mammalian pathogen that causes anthrax.

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3
Q

What were Koch’s postulates based on?

A

anthrax bacilli

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4
Q

B. anthracis virulence factors

A
  1. capsule

2. anthrax toxin

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5
Q

B. anthracis Capsule

A

anti-phagocytic and made of polymers of G-glutamic acid. capsule is produced only in vivo

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6
Q

Staining Pattern on Bacillus anthracis

A

capsule stain pink shadow with polychromatic methylene blue

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7
Q

Anthrax Toxin

A

tripartite toxin consisting of edema factor, lethal factor, and protective antigen. Causes increased vascular permeability and cell necrosis

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8
Q

Edema Factor

A

calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. Inhibits neutrophil function

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9
Q

Lethal Factor

A

zinc metalloprotease. Cell death, hypoxia-induced tissue injury/shock

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10
Q

Protective Antigen

A

cell binding factor. Supports translocation into cell

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11
Q

Anthrax Transmission

A
  1. dependent on susceptible animals for replication.
  2. Dependent on survival endospores in soil (exposure of carcass to oxygen increases sporulation).
  3. Ecological cycles of infection (sporulation and germination in the environment)
  4. Spores persist for decades in the ground
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12
Q

Anthrax Pathogenesis

A
  1. ingestion of spores
  2. germination and spread locally and to local lymph node
  3. enters blood stream
  4. tripartite toxin severely impairs or kills neutrophils and macrophages
  5. bacteria multiplies in blood
  6. toxin causes release of inflammatory mediators from macrophages and fluid loss from cells.
  7. Death through septic shock
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13
Q

Predisposing factors that increase exposure of animals to anthrax spores in soil

A
  1. history of previous anthrax deaths
  2. flooding: soil rearrangement brings endospores to surface, endospore concentration is increased in standing surface water as it recedes.
  3. soil conditions: alkaline, rich in calcium and nitrogen favors endospore survival
  4. warm temperature
  5. during drought conditions animals forage closer to the ground increasing chances of soil ingestion and mechanical injury to GI mucosa
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14
Q

Common Forms of Anthrax in ruminants

A
  1. Peracute septicemia in ruminants
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15
Q

Local Anthrax

A

occurs in less susceptible species. severe edema at site of entry

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16
Q

Order of severity of anthrax

A
  1. cattle
  2. sheep
  3. horses
  4. goats
  5. dogs
  6. pigs
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17
Q

Antemortem signs of peracute/acute septicemia

A

rapidly fatal disease, bleeding from orifices, shock, respiratory distress

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18
Q

Postmortem signs of peracute/acute septicemia

A

dark, unclotted blood. Incomplete rigor mortis. Splenomegaly

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19
Q

Anthrax diagnosis

A

differential diagnosis: blackleg, botulism, poisoning, snake bite, lightning strike, peracute babesiosis

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20
Q

Anthrax Treatment

A

penicillin

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21
Q

Anthrax Control

A

vaccinate healthy animals in endemic/high risk area. Proper carcass disposal in suspected cases. Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy in suspected exposure

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22
Q

Listeria spp.

A

small, gram positive rods ubiquitous in the environment carried in a wide variety of animals as asymptomatic enteric carriers. capable of growing in a wide range of temperature, including in the refrigerator.

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23
Q

Psychrophilic

A

can grow in the cold

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24
Q

Listeria monoctyogenes

A

facultative intracellular bacteria

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25
Q

Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis

A
  1. ingestion/inhalation/ entry via minute wounds in buccal mucosa
  2. Intracellular growth leads to local cell death and focal micro abscess formation and/or generalized septicemia
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26
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes Virulence Factors

A

internalin, listeriolysin, act A

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27
Q

Internalin

A

adhesion, entry, phagocytosis

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28
Q

Listeriolysin O (Hemolysin)

A

required for intracellular replication

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29
Q

Act A

A

intercellular movement to adjacent cells through bacterially induced host actin polymerization

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30
Q

Listeria monocytogenes disease presentations

A
  1. circling disease or silage disease of feedlot cattle or housed ruminants in winter/spring after feeding poor-quality silage.
  2. Encephalitis: predominantly observed in ruminants. Bacteria invade through oral mucosa travel along trigeminal nerve and localize in brain
  3. Septicemia: common in monogastric animals and newborn animals as a continuation of the fetal infection. Hemategenous spread through gravid uterus, and penetration of placenta cause abortion resulting in necrosis in spleen and liver
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31
Q

Listeria disease in ruminants

A

neurologic symptoms: Walking in circles. Unilateral trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis

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32
Q

Listeria monocytogenes diagnosis in cattle

A

antemortem: presumptive diagnosis from history and symptoms. In ruminants prominent post-mortem lesions microabscesses in brain tissue mostly in brain stem,

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33
Q

Listeria monocytogenes diagnosis in other animals

A

in monogastric animals and young ruminants: septicemic listeriosis occurs and the major lesions include focal hepatic necrosis, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

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34
Q

Erysipelothrix

A

small aerobic gram-positive rods. Widespread in tonsils and intestines of pigs, turkeys, sheep, cattle, marine mammals

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35
Q

Erysipelothrix Transmission

A

by ingestion

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36
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

most common in pigs and turkeys. Pigs are important reservoirs

37
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

causes swine erysipelas (diamond skin disease). acute and sub-acute form- septicemia and skin lesions. Chronic form- endocarditis, polyarthritis and skin lesions

38
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in turkey and other birds

A

Acute infection-septicemia

Chronic Infection- endocarditis and arthritis

39
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Sheep

A

non-suppurative polyarthritis. Outbreaks of post dipping lameness

40
Q

Non-suppurative polyarthritis

A

enter through the umbilicus or wounds and localize the joints

41
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Humans

A

localized cellulitis in fingers. Occupational hazard for veterinarians and people working in fish, poultry, and swine industry

42
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Diagnosis

A

blood culture, PCR

43
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Treatment

A

antimicrobial treatment for acute infections. Intrinsic resistance to vancomycin, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides reported

44
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Control

A
  1. treat and isolate infected animals.
  2. Cull chronically affected animals.
  3. Good hygeine practices
  4. Vaccination in pigs and turkeys
45
Q

Corynebacterium spp.

A

gram-positive, pleomorphic aerobic rods found in soil and other environmental surfaces. Contain unusual lipid-rich outer layer short chain mycolic acid in their cell wall. Survive in macrophages and cause chronic, granulomatous, infections. Many are commensals and opportunistic infections. Cause pyogenic/pyogranulomatous infections

46
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diphtheria toxin carried in bacteriophage kills healthy tissues in the respiratory system and the dead tissue forms a thick, gray coating in the throat or nose making it very hard to breath and swallow.

47
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis

A

causes caseous lymphadenitis. Facultative intracellular pathogen, survive inside macrophages.

48
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis Virulence Factor

A

Exotoxin phospholipase D. Enhances spread of bacteria by damaging endothelial cells and increasing vascular permeability and external lipid coat provides protection from hydrolytic enzymes in host phagocytes

49
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis Pathogenesis

A

Bacterial replication in phagocytic cells, and inflammation leads to formation of abscesses. Abscess formation occurs in major peripheral lymph nodes

50
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis

Diagnosis

A
  1. culture of purulent material from abscess

2. Serology using synergistic hemolysin inhibition test that detects antibodies to the phospholipase D endotoxin

51
Q

What do positive titers for C. pseudotuberculosis indicate?

A
  1. past resolved infections
  2. recent exposure
  3. recent vaccination
  4. active lesions
52
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis Treatment

A

not considered a curable disease. Animals of high value are treated by lancing and draining, surgical excision, systemic antibiotics, and intralesional antibiotics

53
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis Control

A

biosecurity practices, culling of infected animals, hygiene and management practices. Vaccines available for sheep and goats. Proper hygienic shearing and purchase animals from negative herds.

54
Q

C. pseudotuberculosis in horses

A
  1. nitrate reducing biotype. Causes pigeon fever, mainly in California, Texas, and Midwest in summer and fall.
  2. Bacteria causes ulcerative lymphangitis of lower extremities and abscesses in the pectoral region ventral abdomen
55
Q

Corynebacterium renale group

A

a commensal of urogenital tract causes contagious bovine pyelonephritis in adult cows.

56
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A

Gram-positive aerobic rods or coccobacilli. Facultative intracellular pathogen. One of the main causes of foal pneumonia

57
Q

Rhodococcus equi Treatment

A

Standard empirical treatment is a combination of macrolide (erythromycin or clarithromycin) and rifampin

58
Q

Rhodococcus equi Prevention

A
  1. feed colostrum
  2. hyperimmune plasma in high risk situations
  3. dust control
  4. remove manure from pasture
59
Q

Nocardia Spp.

A

pleomorphic, gram-positive facultative intracellular bacteria ubiquitous in soil and water.

60
Q

Sulphur Granules

A

present in the exudate of some Nocardia spp helpful in diagnosis of infection

61
Q

Actinomyces bovis

A

causes pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis (lumpy jaw) of cattle

62
Q

Lumpy Jaw

A

localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess involving mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in the head. Caused by Actinomyces bovis

63
Q

Actinomyces Diagnosis

A

Must request aerobic and anaerobic culture

64
Q

Actinomyces Treatment

A

long term treatment with high dose despenicillin G, Iodides

Surgical excision of foreign bodies/circumcised lesions

65
Q

Actinomyces Control

A

minimize risk of mechanical injury, remove foreign bodies

66
Q

Dermatophilus congolensis

A

aerobic, gram positive filamentous, branching bacteria inhabiting the skin of infected animals. Produce infectious motile zoospores. Divide in two planes giving tram-track appearance. Keratinolysis

67
Q

What species produce infectious motile zoospores?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

68
Q

Motile Zoospores

A

chemotactic attracted to moist, damaged skin. Cause keratinolysis, which causes epidermal abscesses with hyperkeratosis

69
Q

What species has tram-track appearance

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

70
Q

Trueperella pyogenes

A

.An important opportunistic pathogen of cattle causing chronic purulent infections in ruminants and swine. Gram positive rod

71
Q

Actinobaculum suis

A

anaerobic bacteria. Sexually transmitted. Causes porcine cystitis and pyelonephritis 2-4 weeks post-coitus. Death as a consequence of renal failure. Pathogenesis similar to bovine pyelonephritis.

72
Q

What strains of B. anthracis are virulent?

A

those that are encapsulated and toxigenic

73
Q

Listeria monocytogenes Treatment

A

treatment not attempted in CNS disease in ruminants

74
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis

A

chronic pyogranulomatous infection of lymph nodes in sheep and goats

75
Q

Why is interpretation of C. pseudotuberculosis titers difficult in young animals?

A

because of the presence of maternal antibodies

76
Q

Members of the Corynebacterium renale Group

A

C. renale, C. cystiditis, C. pilosum

77
Q

What B. anthracis strains are virulent

A

those that are encapsulated and toxigenic

78
Q

Bacillus anthracis transmission

A

dependent upon susceptible animals for replication and survival of endospores in soil

79
Q

Predisposing factors that increase exposure of animals to anthrax spores in soil

A
  1. history of previous anthrax deaths
  2. flooding
  3. soil conditions that favor endospore survival
  4. drought animals forage closer to ground`
80
Q

What form of anthrax infects cattle and sheep

A

per acute septicemia

81
Q

Severity of Anthrax among species

A
  1. cattle
  2. sheep
  3. horses
  4. goats
  5. dogs
  6. pigs
82
Q

Ante mortem signs of per acute septicemia

A

rapidly fatal disease, high fever, bleeding from orifices, shock, respiratory distress

83
Q

Post mortem signs of per acute septicemia

A

dark unclotted blood, incomplete rigor mortis, splenomegaly

84
Q

Listeria monocytogenes disease presentations

A

Encephalitis, septicemia

85
Q

Listeria monocytogenes Encephalitis

A

predominantly observed in ruminants. Bacteria localize in brainstem

86
Q

Listeria monocytogenes Septicemia

A

common in monogastric animals and newborn animals as a continuation of the fetal infection. Hematogenous spread to gravid uterus and penetration of placenta cause abortion resulting in necrosis in spleen and liver

87
Q

Symptoms of Listeria monocytogenes in ruminants

A

dullness, turning or twisting head to one side, walking in circles. Unilateral trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis

88
Q

For which bacteria does the vaccine have to strictly adhere to species label?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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