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Intro to Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan in cell wall

have lipoteichoic acid

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2
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer, have outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide)

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3
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

lipid A component or endotoxin. Harmful to host. Polysaccharide component contributes to antigenicity, may provide protective immunity and used as a component of vaccines

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4
Q

Flagella

A

filamentous structure on bacterial surface used for motility. Number and arrangement used for identification

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5
Q

Pili/Fimbria

A

small thread-like structures on bacterial surface that facilitate adherence to the host tissue through specific receptors and contribute to antigenicity

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6
Q

Capsule

A

outer coating made of polysaccharide. Help bacteria evade phagocytosis

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7
Q

Endospores

A

highly resistant dormant form on bacteria produced when exposed to adverse conditions. Found in gram-positive bacteria.

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8
Q

Flagella Significance

A

Virulence Factor

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9
Q

Fimbriae Significance

A

virulence factor, components of diagnostic tests and vaccines

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10
Q

Capsule Significance

A

virulence factor, component of diagnostic tests and vaccines

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11
Q

Endospore Significance

A

virulence factor, diagnosis, vaccines

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12
Q

Growth Phases

A

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

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13
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

require oxygen for survival

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14
Q

Microaerophile

A

requires environment with low amount of oxygen

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15
Q

Capnophile

A

thrive in an environment high in CO2

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16
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

killed by oxygen

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17
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

do not require oxygen but can survive in oxygen environment

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18
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

oxygen not required but can be used

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19
Q

Exotoxins

A

produced inside pathogenic bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. Are secreted into surrounding medium following lysis. Gram-positive, heat labile

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20
Q

Endotoxins

A

lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide that are part of outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria liberated when the bacteria die. Heat stable, can induce inflammation

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21
Q

Superantigens

A

produced by pathogenic microbes. Bind and cross-link indiscriminately to MHC Class II molecules on the macrophages and T helper cell receptor. Results in oligoclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release

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22
Q

Biofilm

A

microbes come together in masses and cling to surfaces, produce extracellular polymeric substances and take in nutrients and form biofilm. Reduce antimicrobial susceptibility

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23
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

molecular communication systems to synchronize the expression of certain genes

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24
Q

Plasmids

A

smaller circular DNA preset in bacteria. May carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules, and fimbriae and can mediate transfer of the virulence factors through conjugation, transformation

25
Bacteriophage
viruses that attack bacteria. Carry virulence factors and transfer through transduction
26
Classification of Bacteria
staining properties, metabolic properties, biochemical characteristics, fatty acid profile, DNA sequencing
27
Phylogeny
science dealing with the evolutionary relationship between living organisms based on sequences of DNA, RNA, and protein. 16s ribosomal gene
28
Microbiome
body contains 10x more bacteria than cells. Play a role in immunity, mood, obesity, chronic inflammation
29
Pathogenesis
complex interactions between host, pathogen, and environment. Mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease
30
Virulence Factors
traits that cause disease but are not found in isolates of the same species that lack the ability to cause disease
31
How bacteria cause disease
1. changing normal physiology by direct damage to host cells (toxins) 2. deplete host's nutrients by using them 3. immune response (inflammation) to the infectious agent 4. impose a combination of above effects
32
Mechanism of Disease
1. entry into host 2. evade host defenses 3. colonize host systems 4. multiply 5. exert damage to host 6. transmission to other hosts
33
Colonization
the presence of bacteria on a body surface without causing disease
34
Infection Outcomes
1. subclinical/chronic infection 2. infection, disease, recovery 3. infection, disease, death or disability 4. infection, disease, persistence
35
Endoflagella
spirochetes have endoflagella, which are in the periplasmic space
36
Significance of Bacterial Metabolism
bacterial organism varies in their growth rate, need for oxygen and nutrients. These traits can be used for bacterial cultivation and identification
37
Significance of Bacterial Toxins
Increases the virulence and pathogenicity
38
Biofilm Significance
promote chronicity and reduce antimicrobial penetration and susceptibility
39
The purpose of being a pathogen
to enhance transmission
40
Extracellular Pathogen
Survive outside the cell
41
Obligate Intracellular Pathogen
survive only inside the cell
42
Facultative Intracellular Pathogen
survive inside and outside the cell
43
What are most bacteria
extracellular pathogens
44
Sequence of events in bacterial pathogenesis
1. Entry into the host 2. Evade host defenses 3. Colonize the host systems 4. Multiply 5. Exert damage in the host 6. Transmission to other hosts
45
Infection
the invasion of a host organism's tissues by disease causing organisms
46
What are the differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic organism?
* Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, eukaryotes have a nucleus * Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes do * Prokaryotes are typically smaller than eukaryotes * Prokaryotes have a complex cell wall, eukaryotes have a basic one when present * Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, prokaryotes do not * Prokaryotes have small 70s ribosome, eukaryotes have larger 80s ribosome * Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome, eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes with histones * Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, Eukaryotes by mitosis * Eukaryotes reproduce by binary fission
47
What is the unique component of Mycobacterium
mycolic acid
48
How do flagella relate to bacterial virulence?
providing motility towards host targets
49
What are the differences between endotoxins and exotoxins?
* An exotoxin is produced by gram-positive bacteria. An endotoxin is produced by gram-negative bacteria. * Exotoxins are secreted into medium following lysis. Endotoxins are released after bacteria die and cell wall falls apart. * Exotoxins are heat-labile. Endotoxins are heat resistant * Endotoxins exert effects on target cells. Exotoxins induce inflammation
50
Can bacteria transfer virulence factors, and how do they do it? Some examples?
Yes, through plasmids in processes such as conjugation, transformation. Ex: tetanus neurotoxin Staphylococcus enterotoxin carried by a plasmid
51
Pathogen
microbe that can cause disease
52
Pathogenesis
mechanisms by which bacteria cause disease
53
Virulence
degree of pathogenicity
54
What are the relative differences between obligate, primary, and opportunistic pathogens?
Obligate pathogen does not need a lot of microbes, does not need host predisposition, is very virulent, and causes distincy disease Primary pathogen needs more microbes and somewhat host predisposition, is moderately virulent, and causes distinct disease. Opportunistic Pathogen needs a lot of number, more host predisposition, is not very virulent, and causes non-specific disease.
55
What is the iceberg effect in disease epidemiology?
Most of the effects of a disease are unseen. So epidemiologists need to combat not only the visible consequences of disease, but the invisible as well
56
Cell Wall Component unique to gram positive bacteria
lipoteichoic acid
57
cell wall component unique to gram negative bacteria
outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide
58
Cell wall component unique to mycobacteria
mycolic acid
59
Measurement of Bacterial Growth
1. colony counting 2. turbidimetry 3. spectrophotometry 4. flow cytometry

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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