Prevention and Promotion

Question 1

Rationale for health promotion and prevention

Answer 1

• We need promotion because why would we treat when we could prevent

George Albee says
- Limitations to one to one therapy
- Insufficient resources

Question 2

Prevention

Answer 2

• Reduction of problems of living, mental disorders, distress, etc.
• Prevent new cases from occurring
• Focus on populations, not individuals
• Intentional and theory driven

Question 3

Promotion

Answer 3

• Enhancement of well being in populations

Question 4

Health promotion

Answer 4

• Enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
• Reach a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing, and individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment
• Fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity

Question 5

Characteristics of promotion

Answer 5

1. Proactive
2. Focus on populations, not individuals
3. Multidimensional: an integrated set of activities at multiple ecological levels
4. Ongoing, not time limited

Question 6

Health promotion action means

Answer 6

• Build healthy public policy
• Create supportive environments
• Strengthen community action
• Develop personal skills
• Reorient health services

Question 7

Examples of health promotion - participaction

Answer 7

• Healthy activities are promoted so people live a healthy life style

Question 8

Prevention

Answer 8

• More focused, intentional, and theory driven than health promotion
• Interventions designed to prevent the occurrence of a particular disease
• Developed based on association between the link between risk or protective factors and disease
• Developed based on assumption that intervention can decrease risk or increase protective factors

Question 9

Types of prevention

Answer 9

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Universal
• Selective
• Indicated

Question 10

Primary prevention

Answer 10

• Entire populations that do not have the issue or problem
• Everyone gets the message
• Lower rates of new cases (incidence)
• Ex: Vaccination, skill building programs

Question 11

Secondary prevention or Early prevention

Answer 11

• At risk population
• May be showing early signs of a issue of problem
• Risk of stigmatization
• Ex: giving kids who are struggling in school a tutor

Question 12

Tertiary prevention

Answer 12

• Populations that have a disorder or problem
• Reducing intensity or duration of the issue or problem
• Rehab focus (through difficult to differentiate from treatment)
• Ex: Housing super mentally ill people
• This was abandoned because it’s dealing with the problem and not a form of prevention

Question 13

Universal prevention

Answer 13

• Directed at everyone in a population
• People are not in distress, like primary prevention

Question 14

Selective prevention

Answer 14

• Directed at groups of people at above or average risk due to environmental or personal factors
• Risk does not equal symptoms
• Different than secondary because there is no screening, these are people at risk but don’t necessarily have the issue yet

Question 15

Indicated prevention

Answer 15

• Directed at individuals who are at high risk of developing problems
• Presence of early signs
• This is more like secondary because there is an issue we identify it and then we intervienne

Question 16

Risk factors

Answer 16

• Features of individuals and environments that reduce the biological, psychological, and or social capacities of individuals to maintain their well being and function adaptively in society

Question 17

Individual risk factors

Answer 17

Examples
- Premature birth
- Divorce
- Maltreatment
- Motherhood in unwed teens
- Parental psychopathology
- Poverty
- Homelessness

Question 18

Social/Environmental risk factors

Answer 18

Examples
- Family stress
- Poor housing
- Resource poor neighbourhoods or settings

Question 19

Protective Factors

Answer 19

• Features of individuals and environments that operate in ongoing ways to increase or enhance the biological, psychological, social, and emotional capacities of individuals to maintain well-being and function adaptively in society

Question 20

Individual protective factors

Answer 20

Examples
- Social support
- Coping skills
- Self esteem
- Temperament
- Sense of community

Question 21

Social/Environmental protective factors

Answer 21

Examples
- Family cohesion
- Resource rich neighbourhoods
- Competent communities

Question 22

Incidence

Answer 22

• Number of new cases that arise in a population during a specified period of time
• Usually a year

Question 23

Prevalence

Answer 23

• The number of cases in existence at a specified point in time

Question 24

Reducing prevalence

Answer 24

• Prevalence (P) is reduced if incidence (I) is reduced and duration (D) of the disorder is reduced
• P = I x D

Question 25

Prevention equation

Answer 25

Incidence of behavioural and emotional disorder in populations = Stress + physical vulnerability + exploitation divided by Coping skills + social support + self esteem - Essentially the relationship between risk factors and protective factors