Prevention and Promotion Flashcards
Rationale for health promotion and prevention
- We need promotion because why would we treat when we could prevent
George Albee says
- Limitations to one to one therapy
- Insufficient resources
Prevention
- Reduction of problems of living, mental disorders, distress, etc.
- Prevent new cases from occurring
- Focus on populations, not individuals
- Intentional and theory driven
Promotion
- Enhancement of well being in populations
Health promotion
- Enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
- Reach a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing, and individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment
- Fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity
Characteristics of promotion
- Proactive
- Focus on populations, not individuals
- Multidimensional: an integrated set of activities at multiple ecological levels
- Ongoing, not time limited
Health promotion action means
- Build healthy public policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community action
- Develop personal skills
- Reorient health services
Examples of health promotion - participaction
- Healthy activities are promoted so people live a healthy life style
Prevention
- More focused, intentional, and theory driven than health promotion
- Interventions designed to prevent the occurrence of a particular disease
- Developed based on association between the link between risk or protective factors and disease
- Developed based on assumption that intervention can decrease risk or increase protective factors
Types of prevention
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Universal
- Selective
- Indicated
Primary prevention
- Entire populations that do not have the issue or problem
- Everyone gets the message
- Lower rates of new cases (incidence)
- Ex: Vaccination, skill building programs
Secondary prevention or Early prevention
- At risk population
- May be showing early signs of a issue of problem
- Risk of stigmatization
- Ex: giving kids who are struggling in school a tutor
Tertiary prevention
- Populations that have a disorder or problem
- Reducing intensity or duration of the issue or problem
- Rehab focus (through difficult to differentiate from treatment)
- Ex: Housing super mentally ill people
- This was abandoned because it’s dealing with the problem and not a form of prevention
Universal prevention
- Directed at everyone in a population
- People are not in distress, like primary prevention
Selective prevention
- Directed at groups of people at above or average risk due to environmental or personal factors
- Risk does not equal symptoms
- Different than secondary because there is no screening, these are people at risk but don’t necessarily have the issue yet
Indicated prevention
- Directed at individuals who are at high risk of developing problems
- Presence of early signs
- This is more like secondary because there is an issue we identify it and then we intervienne
Risk factors
- Features of individuals and environments that reduce the biological, psychological, and or social capacities of individuals to maintain their well being and function adaptively in society
Individual risk factors
Examples
- Premature birth
- Divorce
- Maltreatment
- Motherhood in unwed teens
- Parental psychopathology
- Poverty
- Homelessness
Social/Environmental risk factors
Examples
- Family stress
- Poor housing
- Resource poor neighbourhoods or settings
Protective Factors
- Features of individuals and environments that operate in ongoing ways to increase or enhance the biological, psychological, social, and emotional capacities of individuals to maintain well-being and function adaptively in society
Individual protective factors
Examples
- Social support
- Coping skills
- Self esteem
- Temperament
- Sense of community
Social/Environmental protective factors
Examples
- Family cohesion
- Resource rich neighbourhoods
- Competent communities
Incidence
- Number of new cases that arise in a population during a specified period of time
- Usually a year
Prevalence
- The number of cases in existence at a specified point in time
Reducing prevalence
- Prevalence (P) is reduced if incidence (I) is reduced and duration (D) of the disorder is reduced
- P = I x D
