Preventative Medicine

Question 1

The study of the distribution of diseases

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Application of statistical methods to biological, medical and health data

Answer 2

Biostatistics

Question 3

Over 75% of healthcare spending is on ______

Answer 3

Chronic Conditions

Question 4

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Answer 4

W.H.O. definition of Health

Question 5

# of new incidence of disease/
# of individuals at risk for developing disease

Answer 5

Incedence

Question 6

# of existing cases of disease / 
# of individuals at risk for developing a disease

Answer 6

Prevalence

usually a %

Question 7

Incidence x duration =

Answer 7

prevalence

Question 8

An increase in the number of cases compared to baseline for a given population, time, and place

Answer 8

Epidemic

Question 9

Worldwide epidemic

Answer 9

Pandemic

Question 10

Baseline rate of disease (in incidence or prevalence)

Answer 10

Endemic

Question 11

Epidemic occurs as disease is transmitted from person-to-person. Ongoing transmission occurs over more extended period of time.

Answer 11

Propogation

Question 12

Incidence is another word for ______

Answer 12

Risk

Question 13

(a/c) / (b/d) =

Answer 13

Odds ratio

Question 14

(Odds of exposure among cases) /

Odds of Exposure among controls

Answer 14

Odds ratio

Question 15

Ratio of the incidence of disease in the exposed group, divided by the incidence of disease in the non-exposed group

Answer 15

Relative Risk

Question 16

(a/(a+b)) / (c/c+d)) =

Answer 16

RR

Question 17

The amount of disease IN EXPOSED PERSONS that is due to that exposure

Answer 17

Attributable risk

Question 18

(Incidence in exposed) - (Incidence in non exposed)

Answer 18

Attributable risk

Question 19

(Ie – In)/Ie x 100 =

Answer 19

AR%

Question 20

Temporality
Strength of Association
Dose-Response Relationship
Replication of Findings
Biological Plausibility
Consideration of Alternate Explanations
Cessation of Exposure 
Consistency with other Knowledge
Specificity

Answer 20

Hill’s Criteria for Causation

Question 21

A discipline which concerns itself with the study and improvement of the health characteristics of biological communities

Answer 21

Community Health

Question 22

A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome

Answer 22

odds ratio

Question 23

If we increase the specificity of a study (e.g. excluding women for a trial) we (increase/decrease) internal validity and (increase/decrease) external validity

Answer 23

Increase internal validity

Decrease external validity

Question 24

Preventable harm or damage to persons where there is no actor committing the violence or where it is not meaningful to search for the actor

Answer 24

Structural Violence

Question 25

Preventable illness, disability and death that occurs more often among people one group compared to another

Answer 25

Health Disparities

Question 26

Aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all of the diseases

Answer 26

Syndemic

Question 27

A fetus under 10% of the normal growth curve are considered as having ______

Answer 27

IUGR | Intrauterine growth restriction

Question 28

Extent to which the study lacks bias is called ______

Answer 28

Internal Validity

Question 29

The degree to which the results are generalizable is called _______

Answer 29

External Validity

Question 30

Randomizing assignments, concealing allocation and masking/blinding are all ways to ______

Answer 30

Reduce bias, by randomizing controls

Question 31

A longitudinal study where subjects receive control and intervention alternating with the other group is called a ______

Answer 31

Cross over study.

Question 32

An analysis of risk factors that follows a group of people who do not have the disease and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction is called a _______

Answer 32

Cohort Study

Question 33

The analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time is called a ______

Answer 33

Cross-sectional study

Question 34

(a+c) / (a+b+c+d) =

Answer 34

absolute risk (same as prevalence)

Question 35

An extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable

Answer 35

Confounding variable