Preventative Medicine Flashcards
The study of the distribution of diseases
Epidemiology
Application of statistical methods to biological, medical and health data
Biostatistics
Over 75% of healthcare spending is on ______
Chronic Conditions
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
W.H.O. definition of Health
# of new incidence of disease/ # of individuals at risk for developing disease
Incedence
# of existing cases of disease / # of individuals at risk for developing a disease
Prevalence
usually a %
Incidence x duration =
prevalence
An increase in the number of cases compared to baseline for a given population, time, and place
Epidemic
Worldwide epidemic
Pandemic
Baseline rate of disease (in incidence or prevalence)
Endemic
Epidemic occurs as disease is transmitted from person-to-person. Ongoing transmission occurs over more extended period of time.
Propogation
Incidence is another word for ______
Risk
(a/c) / (b/d) =
Odds ratio
(Odds of exposure among cases) /
Odds of Exposure among controls
Odds ratio
Ratio of the incidence of disease in the exposed group, divided by the incidence of disease in the non-exposed group
Relative Risk
(a/(a+b)) / (c/c+d)) =
RR
The amount of disease IN EXPOSED PERSONS that is due to that exposure
Attributable risk
(Incidence in exposed) - (Incidence in non exposed)
Attributable risk
(Ie – In)/Ie x 100 =
AR%
Temporality Strength of Association Dose-Response Relationship Replication of Findings Biological Plausibility Consideration of Alternate Explanations Cessation of Exposure Consistency with other Knowledge Specificity
Hill’s Criteria for Causation
A discipline which concerns itself with the study and improvement of the health characteristics of biological communities
Community Health
A measure of association between an exposure and an outcome
odds ratio
If we increase the specificity of a study (e.g. excluding women for a trial) we (increase/decrease) internal validity and (increase/decrease) external validity
Increase internal validity
Decrease external validity
Preventable harm or damage to persons where there is no actor committing the violence or where it is not meaningful to search for the actor
Structural Violence
Preventable illness, disability and death that occurs more often among people one group compared to another
Health Disparities
Aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all of the diseases
Syndemic
A fetus under 10% of the normal growth curve are considered as having ______
IUGR
Intrauterine growth restriction
Extent to which the study lacks bias is called ______
Internal Validity
The degree to which the results are generalizable is called _______
External Validity
Randomizing assignments, concealing allocation and masking/blinding are all ways to ______
Reduce bias, by randomizing controls
A longitudinal study where subjects receive control and intervention alternating with the other group is called a ______
Cross over study.
An analysis of risk factors that follows a group of people who do not have the disease and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction is called a _______
Cohort Study
The analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time is called a ______
Cross-sectional study
(a+c) / (a+b+c+d) =
absolute risk (same as prevalence)
An extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable
Confounding variable
