Physiology 13L Flashcards
1
Q
F * TV = ?
A
V: Ventilation
2
Q
Ventilation can be measured with a ______
A
Spirometer
3
Q
A typical tidal volume is _____ and ______ breaths/min
A
0.5L and 15 breaths per minute
4
Q
Where air is conducted into the lungs without exchange of gasses
A
Conducting zone
5
Q
On the inside of the trachea, mucous is secreted by ______ along the ciliated epithelial cells
A
Goblet Cells
6
Q
Definition: The sum of each gaseous component equals the total pressure of the gasses
A
partial pressure
7
Q
The ratio of tissue metabolic product of CO2 and consumption of O2
A
respiratory quotient
8
Q
CO2/O2 where CO2 and O2 refer to the lung
A
RE: Respiratory Exchange ratio
9
Q
A spirometer works similar to a _____
A
gravity bong
10
Q
The Ideal Gas Law is ____
A
PV=nRT
11
Q
The lungs are bifurcated into an upper conductive zone and a lower _______ zone
A
Respiratory zone
12
Q
Excess mucus production, especially due to smoking, can lead to pooling in lungs and _____
A
pneumonia
13
Q
Coating the inside of alveoli is a special biological ______
A
surfactant
14
Q
The amount of a given gas that dissolves in a type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid
A
Henry’s Law
15
Q
RR * TV = ?
A
MV: minute ventilation
16
Q
monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases
A
Capnography
17
Q
Too much CO2 in the blood is called ______
A
hypercapnea
18
Q
Too little CO2 in the blood is called _____
A
hypocapnea
19
Q
Breathing faster than is required for oxygenation is called _____
A
hyperventilation
20
Q
Two sets of muscles that help expand the chest during inspiration are the ______ and _____
A
External Intercostals and Scalenes
21
Q
Narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue is known as _____
A
Emphysema
22
Q
Obstructive lung disease characterized by chronically poor airflow is called _____
A
COPD, emphysema is one type of COPD
23
Q
Emphysema (increases/decreases) the compliance of the lung
A
Increases
24
Q
In the lung, ΔVolume/ ΔPressure = ?
A
Compliance
25
A decrease in compliance could be due to properties of the _____ or the _____ therefore, we should measure these compliances seperatly
chest wall
| lung
26
The lung volume when the transmural pressure is 0 is called _____
FRC
| Functional residual capacity
27
A lung disease associated with smoking cigarettes is _____
emphysema
28
A lung disease induced by inhalation of dust asbestos, coal, silica and other toxins is _______
pneumoconioses
29
Smoking inhibits _____, which normally inhibits proteases and protects the lung
α1-antitrypsin
30
Premature babies may not yet produce ______, which keeps the lungs inflated by high surface tension
surfactant
31
With emphysema, the time required for expiration is (increased/decreased)
increased
32
Most airway resistance is imparted by the ______
nose or mouth (50%)
33
Bronchitis (increases/decreases) airway resistance
Increases
34
Which receptors are in the lungs (alpha 1/alpha 2/beta 1/beta 2)
beta 2
35
Epinephrine binding the beta-2 receptors in the lungs causes bronchiole (constriction/dilation)
dialation
36
Dynamic compression during forced expiration can cause collapse of the ______ leading out of the alvioli
small bronchioles
37
Neutrophiles in the lung release _____ that remove inhaled smoke particles. Production governed by alpha 1-antitrypsin
proteases
38
The surfactant in the lungs (increases/decreases) compliance
increases
39
The surfactant in the lungs (increases/decreases) the surface tension on the alveolar surface.
decreases
40
ATPS
ambient temp (25 C) and pressure (760 mm Hg), saturated with water vapor (24 mm Hg)
41
BTPS
body temp (37 C) and pressure (760 mm Hg), saturated with water vapor (47 mm Hg)
42
STPD
standard temp (0 C) and pressure (760 mm Hg), no water vapor (0)
43
The major component of pulmonary surfactant is ______
DPPC
| dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
44
When calculating partial pressures, you should use the (dry gas/BTPS) pressures
dry gas
45
In response to hypoxia, blood vessels in the lung (vasoconstrict/vasodialate)
vasoconstrict
46
pAO2, the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) is _____ mm Hg
100
| 100 to 107
47
Lung pH2O, saturated vapour pressure of water at body temperature at 1 atm is _____ mm Hg
47 mmHg
48
Pulmonary arterial pressure above _____ mm Hg is pulmonary hypertension.
20 mm Hg
49
Four important vasodilators for pulmonary circulations are
PGI2 (Prostacyclin)
Histamine (vasodilator, bronchonstrictor)
calcium channel blockers
NO
50
Giving too much air pressure during ventilation can cause
increased pulmonary vascular resistance
51
Vasoconstrictors
```
noreptinephrine
thromboxane
angiotensin II
serotonin
ATP
```
52
hypoxia in the lungs is a (vasoconstrictor/vasodilator)
vasoconstrictor
53
Pulmonary arterial pressure above _____ mm Hg leads to pulmonary edema
25 mm Hg
54
The pressure in the space outside the lung but within the chest wall
Intrapleural pressure
55
Found in plasma, this inhibits proteases and protects lung
α1-antitrypsin
56
The difference in compliance between inspiration and expiration
Hysteresis
57
The surface tension of the thin coating of water in the lungs (increases/decreases) lung compliance
decreases compliance
58
A lung filled with saline solution is (more/less) compliant
more compliant
59
A lung with no surfactant in it, just the normal thin film of water, is (more/less) compliant
less compliant
60
In a small bead of water the internal pressure is (high/low)
high
61
The internal pressure is lower in a (smaller/larger) bead of water
larger
62
A small alveolus has (more/less) air pressure in it.
more
63
(Larger/smaller) alveoli tend to drain into (larger/smaller) alveoli
Smaller drain into larger
64
At the 0 line of a static compliance curve is the ______ capacity
functional residual capacity
65
Any volume above FRC, there is a driving force for the lung to (expand/contract)
contract
66
The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
Forced Vital Capacity
67
A normal FEV/FVC is ___ %
80%
68
The proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of expiration is measured by the _____
FEV1/FVC ratio
69
A reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio indicates (obstructive/restrictive) airway disease
obstructive
70
Decreased lung volume, restricted lung expansion, increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation is ______ lung disease
restrictive lung disease
71
In obstructive lung disease, _____ is reduced while ____ remains stable
FEV1 reduced
| FVC remains stable
72
Both forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are reduced in _____ lung disease
Restrictive
73
Lung compliance (increases/decreases) when the lung reached near full capacity
decreases
74
A steeper slope on a pressure-volume curve indicates (more/less) compliance
more
75
What is the net pressure on the lung wall at FRC?
0 mm Hg
76
Which normally takes longer, inspiration or expiration?
expiration
77
Fibrosis makes it more difficult to (inspire/expire)
inspire
78
With emphysema, which is prolonged? (inspiration/expiration)
expiration
79
Pressure/resistance = _____
Flow
80
How can you make your intraplural pressure a (+) number
by forcefully exhaling
81
In terminal bronchioles, air flow is (laminar/turbulent)
laminar
82
Small airways contribute (much/little) to breathing resistance
little (10% of resistance)
83
Resistance to breathing is mostly due to (airway/tissue) resistance
airway (80%)
| tissue (20%)
84
With greater lung volumes, air conductance (increases/decreases)
increases
85
Histamine in the lungs causes (bronchodilation/bronchospams) and
(vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
bronchospams
| vasodilation
86
A Beta-2 agonist will cause (bronchodilation/bronchospams)
bronchodilation
87
With small airway disease, the dynamic compliance of the lung (increases/decreases) with a high RR
decreases
88
Resistance (increases/decreases) as the lung volume increases during inflation
decreases
89
Increasing Epinenphrine (increases/decreases) airway resistance
decreases
90
Parasympathetic constriction of the lungs is done by the _______
vagus nerve
91
The vagus nerve is signaled to do bronchoconstriction through ____ receptors
cholinergic muscarinic receptors
92
There is greater resistance when breathing through the (nose/mouth)
nose
93
Strong forced expiration: high intrapleural pressure causes _____ ____ of small airways
dynamic compression
94
Where the pressure in the airway pressure= the intrapleural pressure is called ____
EPP
| equal pressure point
95
At high lung volumes, conductance is (high/low)
high
96
Dynamic compression can cause ____ of airways
collapse
97
With obstructive lung disease, the EPP moves towards the ______
alveolus
98
PEF is the ____
peak expiratory flow
99
With chronic hypoxia, hematocrit (increases/decreases)
increases
100
Increased resistant to expiration with COPD (obstructive) is in part due to ___ ___
dynamic compression
101
FRC can be measured with just a spirometer and the special technique of ____ dilution
Helium dilution
102
focal regions of emphysema are called ____
bullae
103
Helium dilution or nitrogen washout (do/do not) measure the volume of blebs in the lung
do not
104
To measure FRC including blebs we can do ______
body plethysmography
105
In plethysmography, the volume on the body box will increases when ____ increases
the volume of non-communicating blebs increases
106
Two things you can inhale as bronchodilators are ____ and ____
anti-cholinergics
| beta-2-agonists
107
What two cell membranes must O2 cross in order to get into plasma?
Alveolar epithelial cells
| Capillary epithelial cells
108
In order to get into an RBC, O2 must first dissolve into _____
blood plasma
| effectively water
109
Which diffuses faster across a capillary membrane, O2 or CO2
CO2
| more lipid soluble
110
With diffusion impairment which happens first hypoxia or hypercapnia?
hypoxia
111
RBCs spend about ____ sec in pulmonary capilaries
1 seconds
112
Diffusion limited transfer of gas occurs with (O2/CO/CO2)
CO
113
With exercise, pulmonary capillary diffusion time may be reduce to _____ sec
0.25 sec
114
The diffusion limit, Dl(O2) is ____ times Dl(CO)
1.23 times faster
115
Henry's law states:
The concentration of gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
116
Dl(CO) is greater when (upright/supine)
supine
| increased pulmonary blood volume
117
Pumonary endothelium (does/does not) produce NO and prostaglandin
does
118
When the lungs are perfused, but oxygenation fails to happen it is called a _____
shunt
119
Arterial PO2 is slightly lower than the alveolar PO2 because of _____
Bronchial circulation
120
The sum of the anatomical shunt +
| pathological shunt =
physiological shunt
121
Pulmonary wedge pressure can be measured with a _____
Swan Ganz catheter
122
Due to low resistance, the windkessel effect is (strong/weak) in the lungs
weak
123
Pulmonary blood volume can increase by ____ during exersize
2-3x
124
During exercise, mean pulmonary pressure (increases/remains mostly stable)
remains stable
| due to high compliance of vessels
125
As pulmonary arterial pressure increases, pulmonary vascular resistance (increases/decreases)
decreases
126
Pulmonary vascular resistance is minimum at ____
FRC
| Func resid cap
127
Pulmonary vascular resistance is high at very low lung volumes because _____
vessels become narrow and kinked
128
Pulmonary vascular resistance is high at very high lung volumes because _____
high lung volumes can collapse vessels
| especially with mech ventilation
129
When an area of the lung is ventilated but not perfused it is zone ___
1
130
PA > Pa > Pv is zone ____
1
131
Pa > PA > Pv is zone ____
2 (normal)
132
Pa > Pv > PA is zone ____
3
133
In this zone of the lung, the pressure in the vein is not effecting the flow though the capillary
zone 2
134
In this zone of the lung, flow in the lung is determined by Pa-Pv
zone 3
135
The binding capacity of Hb for oxygen is ____ ml O2/g Hb
1.34
136
Increased BPG causes the O2 dissociation curve to shift (right/left)
right
137
increased acidity, increased temperature and increased BPG call cause hemoglobin to (hold/unload) O2
unload
138
Insufficient O2 available at the lungs can lead to ____ hypoxia
hypoxic hypoxia
139
sluggish circulation due to low cardiac output can cause ___ hypoxia
stagnant hypoxia
140
A normal O2 saturation curve with a shrunken vol % is _____ hypoxia
anemic
141
A normal O2 saturation curve with a failure of O2 extraction is characteristic of _____ hypoxia
histotoxic
142
low PaO2 and low CaO2 is ____ hypoxia
hypoxic
143
normal PaO2 and normal CaO2 with increased extraction is ____ hypoxia
stagnant
144
normal PaO2 and normal CaO2 with reduced extraction and increased PvO2 is ____ hypoxia
histotoxic
145
normal PaO2 and low CaO2 with normal extraction and very low PvO2 is ____ hypoxia
anemic
146
CO causes a shift in O2 binding curve to the (right/left)
left
147
With obstructive airway disease, which ratio is affected?
FEV1/FVC
148
Carbonic anhydrase is carried around in ______
RBCs
149
The three major buffering system in plasma are
1. carbonic acid
2. phosphates
3. Imidazole buffers
150
Inspiration is done by (internal/external) intercostals
external
151
Internal intercostal contraction does (inspiration/expiration)
expiration
152
Active Expiration can be driven by (internal/external) intercostal contration
internal
153
Neural control of breathing is done in the _____ and modulated in the _____
medulla
| pons
154
The CPG for breathing is located in the _____
medulla (or brainstem)
155
Measurements of lung inflation and oxygenation is done by _____receptors and _____receptors
mechanoreceptors
| chemoreceptors
156
Hering-Breuer reflex is mediated though _____ receptors via vagal afferents and phrenic efferents
stretch
157
The stretch receptor that says that the lung is full sends its signal along the ____ to the brainstem
vagal afferents
158
Irritant receptors are (slowly/rapidly) adapting
rapidly
159
Inflation measuring stretch receptors are (slowly/rapidly) adapting
slowly
160
If you breath in more CO2, your respiratory rate will (increase/decrease)
increase
161
Decreasing plasma pH (increases/decreases) respiration rate
increases
162
We are more responsive to blood ([O2]/[CO2])
[CO2]
163
Peripheral chemorecptors that monitor O2, CO2 and H+ are located in the ____ bodies and ____ bodies
carotid and aortic bod
164
The cells that act as chemoreceptors and respond to O2, CO2 and H+ are called _____
Glomus cells
165
Central chemoreceptors respond to (O2/CO2/H+)
CO2 only
166
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to (O2/CO2/H+)
all three
| O2/CO2/H+
167
Blood carries CO as 1. dissolved CO2 __%, 2. bicarbonate __% and 3. carbamino compounds __%
5%
90%
5%
168
decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin in response to a lowered blood pH (resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood).
Bohr effect
169
CO2 absorption curve shifting upwards when you deoxygenate the blood
Haldane effect
170
A pulmonary shunt will result in more (hypoxemia/hypercapnea)
hypoxemia
171
Ventilation is greater at the (base/apex) of the lung
base
172
There is more compliance at the (apex/base) of the lung
base
173
There is more blood flow at the (top/bottom) of the lung
bottom
174
The V/Q ratio is higher at the (top/bottom) of the lung
top
175
Multiple Inert Gas Elimination Technique is used to model _____
V/Q ratios
176
CO2 diffuses ____ times faster than O2 across a biological membrane
20
177
The A-a gradient measures _____
the difference between alveolar and arterial [O2}
178
Exercise (increases/decreases) D(lim)CO
increases
179
Loss of lung tissue from surgery (increases/decreases) D(lim)CO
decreases
180
Pulmonary hypertension with edema (increases/decreases) D(lim)CO
decreases
181
With CARDIOGENIC pulmonary edema, capillary hydrostatic pressure (increases/is normal)
increases
182
With NON-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, capillary hydrostatic pressure (increases/is normal)
Is normal
183
With CARDIOGENIC pulmonary edema, alveolar fluid is protein (rich/poor)
poor
184
With NON-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, alveolar fluid is protein (rich/poor)
rich
185
collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange is called
Atelectasis
186
When lung interstitial pressure exceeds plural pressure fluid moves across the visceral pleura to create a _____
pleural effusion
187
Using Positive End Expiration Pressure (PEEP)m your can prevent ____ ____ of small bronchioles
dynamic compression
