Presentations in Ophthalmology

Question 1

Causes of gradual visual loss

Answer 1

Refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, primary open angle glaucoma and diabetic maculopathy

Question 2

Causes of red eye

Answer 2

Subconjunctival haemorrhage, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, corneal abrasion, keratitis

Question 3

Common causes of acute visual loss

Answer 3

AACG, CRAO, vitreous haemorrhage, CVA/TIA

Question 4

Causes of flashes and floaters

Answer 4

Posterior vitreous detachment, migraine with aura

Question 5

Causes of abnormal eyelids

Answer 5

Blepharitis, chalazion, BCC, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, entropion, ectropion

Question 6

Causes of double vision

Answer 6

Strabismus and blowout fracture

Question 7

Causes of irregular pupils

Answer 7

Horner’s syndrome, Adie’s pupil

Question 8

Painful causes of red eye

Answer 8

AACG, endophthalmitis, anterior uveitis, scleritis, corneal abrasion, keratitis

Question 9

Painless causes of red eye

Answer 9

\subconjunctival haemorrhage, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, episcleritis

Question 10

What are the ocular emergencies

Answer 10

AACG, cranial nerve III palsy, orbital cellulitis, temporal arteritis/GCA, endophthalmitis, absent red reflex in child, retinal detachment, central retinal artery or vein occlusion, trauma

Question 11

Systemic diseases which commonly affect the eye

Answer 11

Diabetic retinopathy, thyroid eye disease, HTN retinopathy, Uveitis, Sjogren’s syndrome, scleritsis and episcleritis

Question 12

Rarer causes of acute visual loss

Answer 12

Temporal arteritis, retinal detachment, CRVO, optic neuritis, anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

Question 13

Important history to elicit

Answer 13

Vision loss or blurring, onset and timing, partial or complete loss, associated with headache, painful or painless, photophobia, double vision

Question 14

Past ocular history important to ask

Answer 14

Glasses prescriptions, contact lens, recurrent eye surgery, recent or past diagnosis, amblyopia

Question 15

Examination of the eyes

Answer 15

Snellen visual acuity, pupils, gross exam, gross visual fields, slit lamp

Question 16

How to descibe where lesion is on the cornea

Answer 16

Central, paracentral or peripheral regions. Then use clock numbers

Question 17

Common post-operative presentations

Answer 17

After cataracts with dry eyes, post operative uveitis, endophthalmitis

Question 18

Pupil responses that need to be checked

Answer 18

Direct and consensual reflexes, RAPD, light reflex, near response, size of pupil in bright and dim light

Question 19

Gross examination of the eye

Answer 19

Appearance, ocular motility, cranial nerve, red reflex