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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology in Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Pharmacology in Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of ocular antihypertensives

A

Reduce IOP and have been shown to slow progression of glaucoma

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2
Q

Examples of ocular antihyptensives

A

Beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha agonists, muscarincic agonists, prostaglandin analogues

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3
Q

What is the role of beta blockers

A

Reduce aqueous production

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4
Q

Eg of beta blocker

A

Timolol eye drops

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5
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Reduce aqueous production

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6
Q

Eg of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Acetazolamide tablets or drops

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7
Q

What is role of a2-agonists

A

Reduce aqueous production and increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous

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8
Q

Eg of a2-agonists

A

Brimonidine drops

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9
Q

What is the role of muscarinic agonists

A

Increase trabecular outflow of aqueous

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10
Q

Eg of muscarinic agonists

A

Pilocarpine drops

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11
Q

What is the role of prostaglandin analogues

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow of aqueous

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12
Q

Eg of prostaglandin analogues

A

Latanoprost drops

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13
Q

S/E of beta blockers

A

Local irritation, systemic absorption causing bronchospasm and bradycardia

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14
Q

S/E of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Allergy, ocular irritation, paraesthesia, deranged renal function

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15
Q

S/E of a2-agonists

A

Allergy, mydriasis, dry mouth, hypotension

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16
Q

S/E of muscarinic agonists

A

Miosis, sweating, bradycardia, GI disturbances

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17
Q

S/E of prostaglandin analogues

A

Asthma, lash growth, iris darkening

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18
Q

Role of lubricants for the eye

A

Topical drops, gels, and ointments for tear film enhancement and replacement

19
Q

Eg of lubricants for the eye

A

Hypromellose, lacrilube, viscotears, sodium hyaluronate

20
Q

S/E of lubricants for the eye

A

Some allergic reactions, but generally well tolerated, some long acting gels can blur vision so used overnight instead

21
Q

When are mydriatics and cycloplegics used

A

used for examination of the back of the eye and to prevent iris spasm

22
Q

What do mydriatics do

A

Induce pupillary dilation via iris radical muscle contraction

23
Q

What do cycloplegics do

A

Induce pupillary dilation via paralysis of the iris sphincter ring-muscle with accompanying paralysis of accomodation

24
Q

Examples of mydriatics

A

a2-agonists such as phenylephrine

25
Q

Examples of cycloplegics

A

Muscarinic antagonists such as tropicamide, atropine, cyclopentolate

26
Q

S/E of mydriatics

A

Acute angle closure glaucoma, blurred vision, glare, hypertension

27
Q

S/E of cycloplegics

A

Acute angle closure glaucoma, blurred vision, glare, tachycardia, dry mouth, tremor

28
Q

Examples of anti-inflammatorys

A

Steroids, mast cell stabilisers, antihistamines, NSAIDs

29
Q

Eg of steroids used in the eye

A

Prednisolone, dexamethasone

30
Q

Uses of steroids

A

Anterior uveitis, GCA

31
Q

S/E of steroids

A

Glaucome, cataracts, HSV exaccbation, systemic side-effects

32
Q

Eg of mast cell stabilisers

A

Cromoglicate

33
Q

Uses of mast cell stabilisers

A

Allergies

34
Q

Eg of antihistamines

A

Antazolline drops, chlorphenamine tablets

35
Q

Eg of NSAIDs used

A

Diclofenac drops

36
Q

Antibiotics used for the eye

A

Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, Gentamicin, Cefuroxime

37
Q

Antivirals used for the eye

A

Aciclovir, Valaciclovir

38
Q

S/E of antimicrobials

A

Corneal toxicity

39
Q

Side effects of delivery method of intravitreal injections

A

Risk of intra-ocular infection, floaters, cataracts, elevated IOP

40
Q

Examples of intravitreal injections

A

Steroids, anti-microbial, anti-VEGF

41
Q

When are anti-VEGFs used

A

Prevent neovascularisation in wet AMD and proliferative diabetic disease

42
Q

Eg of anti-VEGFs

A

Ranibizumab and Bevarcizumab

43
Q

What is used in endophthalmitis

A

Intravitreal injections of steroids and antibiotics

Ophthalmology (17 decks)

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