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Comparative Anatomy > Presentation 9: Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Presentation 9: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton Components + Function

A

Pelvic Girdle (i.e. the hips)
Pectoral Girdle (i.e. the shoulders/collar bone)
Anterior/posterior limbs

Gives support to anterior limbs (connected to axial skeleton by muscular attatchment

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2
Q

Scapulocoracoid bar

A

In sharks pectoral components fuse to form scapulocoracoid bar

(ancestral condition = cartilaginous bar)

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3
Q

Osteichtyes Pectoral Girdle

A

Ancestral condition = 2 endochondral bones
1. Scapula
2. Coracoid

Other bony elements:
1. variable dermal bones (ex. clavicle, cleitrum, supracleitrum, etc.)
2. Opercular bones (located behind skull) where skull connects to pectoral girdle

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4
Q

Tetrapod Pectoral Girdle (Monotrema, Therian, Amphibians, Gymnophiona/Snakes, Crocodylia, Birds, Carnivores, and Cursorial mammals and Ungulates)

A

Ancestral condition:
- coracoid and scapula fuse into single element and loss of posttemporal bone

  • Monotrema aka egg-laying mammals-> 2 coracoids and retain interclavical (anterior and posterior)
  • Therian mammals lose anterior coracoid bone
  • Interclavical is independently lost in amphibians and most mammals
  • Pectoral girdle completely lost in gymnophiona, snakes, and legless lizards
  • Crocodylia lost clavicle
  • Birds: clavicles fuse to form single bone = furcula
  • Carnivores: clavicles reduced
  • Cursorial mammals and ungulates: clavicles lost (may allow for faster movement)
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5
Q

Sacroilial join

A

Where the pelvic girdle connects to the vertebral column in tetrapods

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6
Q

Sacrum

A

Triangular bone made up of 5 fused vertebrae which form the posterior section of the pelvis in tetrapods

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7
Q

Pelvic Girdle Ossification (3 major)

A

Ischium (ventral to the ilium and posterior to pubis
Ilium (located dorsal to Ischium and pubis and articulates w/ sacral vertebrae)
Pubis (Ventral to the ilium and anterior to the ischium)

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8
Q

Ischium

A

Ventral to ilium and posterior to pubis

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9
Q

Illium

A

Articulates w/ sacral vertebrae and located dorsal to Ischium and pubis

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10
Q

Pubis

A

Ventral to ilium and anterior to ischium

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11
Q

Acetabulum

A

rounded section of the pelvic girdle (between Ischium and Ilium) that allows for articulation of the femur

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12
Q

Amphibian Pelvic Girdle

A

Pubis remains cartilaginous (calcified) and Ilium elongated
Urostyle = fusion of Caudal vetebrae

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13
Q

Bird Pelvic Girdle

A

fusion of pelvic girdle into the synasacrum

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14
Q

Mammal Pelvic Girdle

A

Ilium, Iscium, and Pubis normally fused
Marsupials have epipubic bones called marsupium (which provide support during offspring care

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15
Q

Types of Fins (5)

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Tail
  3. Anal
  4. Pelvic
  5. Pectoral
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16
Q

Fin Rays

A

Supported by pterygiophores
1. condrocythyes aka cartilaginous fish have ceratotrichia (keratin fin rays)
2. Osteicthyes (bony fish) have segmented bone including the lepidotrichia

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17
Q

Pterygiophores (3)

A

Support medial fins on dorsal side by anchoring the fin to the body via the distal, middle, and proximal bones

18
Q

Type of Caudal Fin (4)

A
  1. Homocercal (vertebral column doesn’t enter the fin, present in majority of bony fishes)
  2. Diphycercal (vertebral column enters tail and divides it into 2 equal parts, present in lungfish)
  3. Heterocercal (vertebral column invades tail at slightly dorsal angle which gives a more developed upper half, sharks)
  4. Hypocercal (vertebral column invades tail at slightly ventral angle which gives a more developed lower half)
19
Q

Homocercal

A

(vertebral column doesn’t enter the fin, present in majority of bony fishes)

20
Q

Diphycercal

A

(vertebral column enters tail and divides it into 2 equal parts, present in lungfish)

21
Q

Heterocercal

A

(vertebral column invades tail at slightly dorsal angle which gives a more developed upper half, sharks)

22
Q

Hypocercal

A

(vertebral column invades tail at slightly ventral angle which gives a more developed lower half)

23
Q

Caudal Fin Support

A

Epurals (modified neural arches and spines)
Hypurals (modified hemal arches and spines)

24
Q

Epurals

A

Type of Caudal Fin Support
modified neural arches and spines

25
Q

Hypurals

A

Type of Caudal Fin Support
modified hemal arches and spines

26
Q

Paired fins

A

pectoral and pelvic fins (homologous to limbs of tetrapods)
Sarcoptyerygia vs crossopterygium

27
Q

Sarcoptyerygia lobed fins

A
  • present in lungfishes
  • Axial elements running straight down with post axial (towards head) and pre-axial (away from head) radiating outwards
  • biserial fin
28
Q

Crossopterygium lobed fins

A

evolved independantly from sarcoptyerygia fins but contain the same lobed muscle articulation (only differences are the enlarged lobe and a lack of a post-axial element)`

29
Q

Coelacanth

A

fins are homologous to tetrapod limbs b/c they contain the same bones (i.e. radius, ulna, and humerus) likely the source of these bones

30
Q

Limbs Primitive -> Modern

A

Ancestral -> forelimb(s) and hindlimb(s)
Propodium -> Humerus and Femur
Epipodium -> Radius/Ulna and Tibia/Fibula
Mesopodium -> Carpals (4/5) and Tarsals (4/5)
Metapodium -> Metacarpals (5) and Metatarsals (5)
Phalanges -> Phalanges (5) and Phalanges (5)

31
Q

Amphibian vs Amniota Digits

A

Amphibians have 4 while Amniota have 5 digits:
Odd numbers better because you have a central point to balance around. Fewer digits = better because easier to run

Amphibians have 4 in front and 5 in back to aid in jumping

32
Q

Pteradactyl Evolution of Flight

A
  • Large membranes attatched to side of body
  • Membranes supported by arm and enlarged 4th digit
33
Q

Chiroptera (Bats) Evolution of Flight

A
  • Membrane supported by last 4 elongated fingers
  • 1st digit is free from wing and modified to form a hook
34
Q

Aves (Birds) Evolution of Flight

A
  • Wing surface formed by feathers
  • 3 digits present in anterior limbs
  • only 2 carpals present (radial and ulnar)
  • other carpals fused to metacarpals into a carpometacarpus
35
Q

Types of Walking

A
  1. Plantigrade (soles of feet)
  2. Digitigrade (ankle + heel off ground i.e. w/ digits)
  3. Unguligrade (on end of digits)
36
Q

Plantigrade

A

(soles of feet) i.e. primates and rodents

37
Q

Digitigrade

A

(ankle + heel off ground i.e. w/ digits) i.e. cat and dog

38
Q

Unguligrade

A

(on end of digits) i.e. horse and deer

39
Q

Hyperphalangy

A

Digits increased in size (i.e. whale fin)

40
Q

Hyperdactyly

A

Digits increased in number (i.e. extra fingers or toes)

Comparative Anatomy (22 decks)

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