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Comparative Anatomy > Presentation 8: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Presentation 8: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Vertebral column, Skull, Thoracic Cage (chest)

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2
Q

Centrum

A

Notochord ossifies to form main body of vertebrae (centrum) with two main parts, intercentrum dominant and pleurocentrum dominant.

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3
Q

Intercentrum dominant

A

Anterior and slightly ventral structure surrounding the notochord, no longer in living amniotes but present in extinct amphibians

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4
Q

Pleurocentrum dominant

A

Posterior and slightly dorsal structure, in living amniotes, pleurocentrum is dominant in living amniotes

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5
Q

Neural Arches

A

2 Bars that connect dorsally (at the Neural Spine) to form the Neural Canal

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6
Q

Neural Canal

A

Canal above the notochord and centrum formed by the 2 neural arches. Protects the spinal chord.

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7
Q

Neural Spine

A

Where the 2 neural arches fuse dorsally

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8
Q

Hemal Arches

A

Present only in posterior vertebrae, 2 bars that extend ventrally under the notochord and centrum and connect ventrally together at the Hemal Spine forming the Hemal Canal

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9
Q

Hemal Spine

A

Connection of Hemal Arches present in posterior vertebrae that form the Hemal Canal (= chevron bones in amniota)

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10
Q

Hemal Canal

A

Created by the Hemal Arches connecting ventrally at the Hemal Spine

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11
Q

Processes of Centrum

A

Apophyses (include Parapophyses, Diapophyses, and Hypapophyses)

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12
Q

Parapophyses

A

One of the processes of centrum - Slightly ventral on vertebrae

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13
Q

Diapophyses

A

One of the processes of centrum - (aka transverse processes) extends to sides to articulate with the tuberculum of the rib (capitulum of rib connects to ventral side of centrum)

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14
Q

Hypapophyses

A

One of the processes of centrum - mostly found in fossils, not necessarily in living organisms today

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15
Q

Processes of Neural Arches

A

Zygapophyses (Include Prezygapophyses and Postzygapophyses)

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16
Q

Prezygapophyses

A

One of the processes of neural arches -(aka anterior processes) extends slightly forwards/dorsally - smooth surface faces each other)

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17
Q

Postzygapophyses

A

One of the processes of neural arches -(aka posterior processes) extends slightly backwards / ventrally - smooth surface faces away

18
Q

Hypomere

A

Embryonic mesoderm section
differentiates somatic and splanchnic layers
somatic layer gives rise to outside muscles while
splanchinc layer gives rise to muscles around organs

19
Q

Embryonic mesoderm sections

A

Epimere (dorsal somite)
Mesomere (gives rise to urogenital organs)
Hypomere (differentiates somatic and splanchnic layers - somatic layer gives rise to outside muscles while splanchinc layer gives rise to muscles around organs)

20
Q

Mesomere

A

Embryonic mesoderm section
gives rise to urogenital organs

21
Q

Epimere

A

Embryonic mesoderm section
(dorsal somite) divides into dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome which gives rise to dermis, muscle formation, and vertebrae respectively

22
Q

Dermatome

A

Epimere section
Gives rise to the dermis

23
Q

Myotome

A

Epimere section
Contributes to muscle formation

24
Q

Sclerotome

A

Epimere section
gives rise to vertebrae (sheet around the notochord aka perichordial tube, posterior/caudal part of flanking sclerotome thickens, more cell density, & caudal half of one sclerotome attaches to cranial half of the next sclerotome)

25
Q

Vertebral Column Development ( 5 steps)

A
  1. Embryonic mesoderm divides into epimere, mesomere, and hypomere
  2. Epimere divides into dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome
  3. Vertebrae are intersegmental in relation to the primary segmentation of the mytomes (neural and hemal arches associated w/ anterior part (caudal halves), spinal ganglia line up with posterial cranial part, blood vessels line up withe middle part.
  4. When it is all lined up, chondrification begins (formation of cartilage)
  5. Cartilage is continuous for a short period when spinal ganglia, notochord, and myotomes induce breaks before ossification begins and then individual vertebrae are established
26
Q

Classification of Vertebrae ( 4 options)

A

Opistocoelous (anterior convexity + posterior concavity)
Procoelous (anterior concavity + posterior convexity)
Amphiocoelous (concavity both anteriorly and posteriorly)
Acoelous (no concaves, both sides flat)

27
Q

Opistocoelous

A

Classification of Vertebrae
(anterior convexity + posterior concavity)

28
Q

Procoelous

A

Classification of Vertebrae
(anterior concavity + posterior convexity)

29
Q

Amphiocoelous

A

Classification of Vertebrae
(concavity both anteriorly and posteriorly)

30
Q

Acoelous

A

Classification of Vertebrae
(not concave, both sides flat)

31
Q

Specialization of Amphibia Vertebrae

A

1st vertebrae differentiates into atlas (specialized to articulate w/ occipital arch)
Trunk vertebrae
Single Sacral Vertebrae which articulates with the pelvic girdle and connects to Illium
Several caudal vertebrae remain in tail for salamanders
Caudal vertebrae of frogs fuse into urostyle

32
Q

Specialization of Amniota Vertebrae

A

pleurocentrum makes up bulk of the vertebral column
Strong zygopophyses
1st cervical vertebrae - atlas
2nd cervical vertebrae - axis
(both 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae support head)

Types of Vertebrae
1. Cervical (distinguished neck)
2. Thoracic (associated with ribs)
3. Lumbar (posterior section)
4. Sacral (at articulation w/ posterior limbs)
5. Caudal (all vertebrae in the tail)

33
Q

Diversity of Vertebrae in Amniota - BIRDS

A

BIRDS:
Sternum = highly enlarged + durable to support breast muscles for flying
Last 4 caudal vertebrae fuse to form the pygostyle
Synsacrum present
Unicate process (enlarged sternum for flight) part of RIBS

34
Q

Diversity of Vertebrae in Amniota - MAMMALS (2 main points)

A

MAMMALS:
1. 20 Trunk vertebrae that divide into thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae
2. 3 of sacral vertebrae fuse

35
Q

Types of Vertebrae in Amniota (5 types)

A

Types of Vertebrae
1. Cervical (distinguished neck)
2. Thoracic (associated with ribs)
3. Lumbar (posterior section)
4. Sacral (at articulation w/ posterior limbs)
5. Caudal (all vertebrae in the tail)

36
Q

Fish Ribs (2 types)

A

Dorsal Rib: intermuscular the junction of the myoseptum and the horizontal septum
Septa are made of connective tissue
Horizontal septum separates epaxial (dorsal) and hypaxial (ventral) muscles

Ventral Rib - Pleural (subperitoneal) at junction of the myoseptum and peritoneum

37
Q

Tetrapod Ribs - ancestral and later condition

A
  1. Ancestrally bicapitate (Tuberculum articulates with diapophyses and Capitulum articulates with paraphophyses)
  2. Later unicapitate
38
Q

Amniota Ribs (2 types) and function

A

Ribs: thorax: costal rib (ossified) and sternal rib (cartilaginous) - ribs participate in respiration by enabling expansion while protecting the lungs

39
Q

Sternum
(amphibians, amniotes, lizards, turtles snakes and gymnophiona, mammals, and birds)

A
  • amphibian sternum not homologous to amniote sternum
  • Amniotes : ventral midline structure
  • turtles snakes and gymnophiona : sternum absent
  • lizards: either cartilaginous or bony
  • mammals: composed of several elements
  • birds: enlarged for attatchment of flight muscles
40
Q

Mammalian Sternum Components

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process

Comparative Anatomy (22 decks)

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