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Comparative Anatomy > Presentation 19: CNS > Flashcards

Presentation 19: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Ependyma

A

Central canal of spinal chord, lined with ependymal cells (a specific epithelium)

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2
Q

Grey matter

A

Less myelinated neurons (less insulation)

In spinal cord made up of dorsal horn (sensory neurons) and ventral horn (motor neurons)

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3
Q

White matter

A

Contains more myelin (insulation)

In spinal chord made up of ascending (bring info to brain) and descending (bring info everywhere else) tracts

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4
Q

Reflex arc

A

Interneurons confined to spinal cord, involved in sending sensory signals straight to motor without going to the brain

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5
Q

Neurocoel

A

Hollow cavities in the brain filled with cerebro-spinal fluid which acts as a cushion and a medium of exchange

Cerebral hemispheres = lateral ventricles
Thalamus = third ventricle
Midbrain = aqueduct
Metencephalon = upper part of 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon = lower part of 4th ventricle

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6
Q

General components of the brain

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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7
Q

Prosencephalon

A

The forebrain
- composed of Telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere) and Diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus)
- enlarged in birds and mammals which reflects more complex behaviors and more efficient muscle control

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8
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain
- just the mesencephalon, composed of tectum (roof, sensory function) and tegmentum (floor, motor function)
- impulses go up at cranial nerves 3-4
- contains auditory and optic lobes
- neurocoel = cerebral aqueduct

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9
Q

Telencephalon

A

Part of forebrain
Cerebral hemispheres
- neurocoel = lateral ventricle
- contains olfactory bulbs, tracts, and lobes
- higher vertebrates have sulci (grooves) and gyri (ridges)

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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Part of forebrain
Thalamus
- Includes epithalamus (roof), thalamus (main part), hypothalamus (floor and walls)
- neurocoel = 3rd ventricle

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11
Q

Tela choroidea

A

thin membrane that lines the brain cavity and projects into brain as choroid plexus

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12
Q

Choroid plexus

A

projection of tela choroidea into brain cavity. Produces cerebro-spinal fluid which cushions the brain and acts as a medium of exchange

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13
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain
- split into the metencephalon (cerebellum + pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
- Neurocoel = 4th ventricle

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14
Q

Metencephalon

A

Part of hindbrain
Made up of cerebellum and pons
- ventrally have pyramidal tracts that connect to corticospinal tracts
- neurocoel = upper part of 4th ventricle
- roof = cerebellum (dorsal outgrowth, most prominent)

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15
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Most post. part of hindbrain
Composed up of medulla oblongata
- neurocoel = lower part of 4th ventricle

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16
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Primary component of myelencephalon
- transition from brain to medulla of spinal cord
- assoc. w/ cranial nerves 7-12
- has distinctive nuclei assoc. w/ sense organs

17
Q

What are the 3 functions of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. cluster of nuclei assoc. w/ cranial nerves
  2. major root of info from body to brain through ascending/descending tracts
  3. clusters of soma for visceral, auditory, and proprioceptive receptors (things you don’t control)
18
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. process all sensory input
  2. maintain equilibrium w/ input from inner ear to myelencephalon
19
Q

Pons

A

Part of metencephalon
Connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex
- most prominent in mammals

20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Dorsal outgrowth of metencephalon
- roof of 4th ventricle along with choroid plexus
- larger in birds/mammals but reduced in fishes

21
Q

Tectum

A

Roof of mesencephalon
- Sensory function
- contain optic lobes which receive input from retinas
- contain auditory lobes, posterior optic lobes, and cochlea
- specialized into superior and inferior colliculi

22
Q

Tegmentum

A

Floor of Mesencephalon
- Motor function
- primary place for cross of ascending and descending tracts

23
Q

Epithalamus

A

Roof of diencephalon
- associated w/ pineal organ (photoreceptor in lampreys, endocrine organ in higher vertebrates)

24
Q

Optic lobes

A

Part of tectum (except in mammals - telencephalon)
- receives visual input from retina

25
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Very large in anamniotes (fishes/amphibians/etc.), smaller in amniotes (birds/mammals/reptiles)
Connects cavities of the 3rd and 4th ventricles

26
Q

Thalamus

A

Main part of diencephalon
- paired mass of nuclei forming dorsal walls get info for coordination center and receive all sensory impulses from spinal cord, midbrain, and hindbrain and sends that info to cerebral cortex
- split into ventral and dorsal sections (dorsal part is the important one)

27
Q

hypothalamus

A

make up floor and ventrolateral walls of diencephalon
- nuclei that regulate appetite, sexual activity, temperature, water balance, and behavior (homeostasis)
- activity is enhanced by hormones released during breeding season

28
Q

Cerebral cortex/hemispheres

A

pair of extended lobes of telencephalon
- Surface of cerebral cortex is folded to increase area forming sulci (grooves) and gyri (ridges)

29
Q

Sulcus

A

grooves formed by folding of cerebral cortex to increase area

30
Q

Gyrus

A

Ridges formed by folding of cerebral cortex to increase area

31
Q

How are nervous tissues divided

A

Into Pallium and paleostriatum
- pallium divided into archipallium and paleopalleum)

32
Q

Pallium

A

Type of nervous tissue
- Divided into archipallium and paleopalleum
- forms roof of ventricle

33
Q

Paleostriatum

A

forms floor of the ventricle and a type of nervous tissue

34
Q

What is the diversity of nervous tissues between fish, amphibia, amniota, and mammalia?

A

Fish: the entire cerebral hemispheres are made of paleostratium
Amphibia: oflactory and motor nuclei mostly located in the telencephelon
Amniota: Add neostriatum (new layer of tissue from paleostriatum) which allows for coordination of skeletal muscle
Mammalia: Paleopalleum and neostriatum reduced into the basal ganglia at the base of telencephalon
- expanded pallium called neopallium which = brain cortex made of grey matter
- have gyri and sulci
- have corpus callosum which connects cerebral hemispheres

35
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects two cerebral hemispheres in mammals
- integrates both sensory and motor info that then responds as actions

Comparative Anatomy (22 decks)

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