Presentation 1: Introduction

Question 1

Anatomy vs. Morphology

Answer 1

To cut up/dissect vs the study of shape and form

Question 2

Anagenesis

Answer 2

Change in evolutionary time of 1 species to another (# of species does not change)

Question 3

Cladogenesis

Answer 3

Change in evolutionary time of 1 species to many (# of species increases)

Question 4

Homology

Answer 4

Evidence of common ancestry (does not have to have same form/function)

Question 5

Analogy

Answer 5

Functional similarities that evolved independently

Question 6

Holotype

Answer 6

Representative of species when declaring a new species

Question 7

Paratype

Answer 7

Other species submitted alongside holotype

Question 8

Neotype

Answer 8

New representative (if holotype is lost/destroyed)

Question 9

Typological Species Concept

Answer 9

Based on types, uses naming (limited by variation)

Question 10

Biological Species Concept

Answer 10

Based on sexual reproduction (limited by asexual reproduction)

Question 11

Evolutionary Species Concept

Answer 11

Individials that represent a seperate evolutionary history (if you can tell them apart, no reference to common ancestors)

Goals: Stable, weighted characters, para and monophyletic

Question 12

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 12

Smallest possible group descending from a common ancestor and recognizable by unique, derived traits

Goals: Reflect relationships, all characters equal, only monophyletic

Question 13

Plesiomorphy

Answer 13

Ancestral Characters

Question 14

Apomorphy

Answer 14

Derived Characters

Question 15

Synapomorphies

Answer 15

Shared derived characters

Question 16

Symplesiomorphies

Answer 16

Shared primitive characters

Question 17

Autopomorphies

Answer 17

Derived but not shared characters

Question 18

Monophyletic group

Answer 18

Group that contains most recent common ancestor (MRCA) and all of its descendants

Question 19

Paraphyletic group

Answer 19

Group that contains most recent common ancestor (MRCS) but NOT all of its descendants

Question 20

Sagittal Plane

Answer 20

splits organism into lateral sides

Question 21

Frontal Plane

Answer 21

splits organism into ventral and dorsal sides

Question 22

Transverse plane

Answer 22

splits organism into anterior and posterior sides