Presentation 1: Introduction Flashcards
Anatomy vs. Morphology
To cut up/dissect vs the study of shape and form
Anagenesis
Change in evolutionary time of 1 species to another (# of species does not change)
Cladogenesis
Change in evolutionary time of 1 species to many (# of species increases)
Homology
Evidence of common ancestry (does not have to have same form/function)
Analogy
Functional similarities that evolved independently
Holotype
Representative of species when declaring a new species
Paratype
Other species submitted alongside holotype
Neotype
New representative (if holotype is lost/destroyed)
Typological Species Concept
Based on types, uses naming (limited by variation)
Biological Species Concept
Based on sexual reproduction (limited by asexual reproduction)
Evolutionary Species Concept
Individials that represent a seperate evolutionary history (if you can tell them apart, no reference to common ancestors)
Goals: Stable, weighted characters, para and monophyletic
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Smallest possible group descending from a common ancestor and recognizable by unique, derived traits
Goals: Reflect relationships, all characters equal, only monophyletic
Plesiomorphy
Ancestral Characters
Apomorphy
Derived Characters
Synapomorphies
Shared derived characters
Symplesiomorphies
Shared primitive characters
Autopomorphies
Derived but not shared characters
Monophyletic group
Group that contains most recent common ancestor (MRCA) and all of its descendants
Paraphyletic group
Group that contains most recent common ancestor (MRCS) but NOT all of its descendants
Sagittal Plane
splits organism into lateral sides
Frontal Plane
splits organism into ventral and dorsal sides
Transverse plane
splits organism into anterior and posterior sides
