Present tense verb classes Flashcards
How do we form the present stem of class 1 verbal roots?
An a is added to the root before the root vowel (guna); an a is added after the root.
How do we form the present stem of class 4 verbal roots?
We add ya to the (zero grade) verbal root.
How do we form the present stem of class 6 verbal roots?
The (zero grade) root remains either unchanged or a nasal is added before its final consonant; a is added to it.
What are the examples of class 1 verbs in Ruppel lesson 4?
Bhr/hr/smr/budh
What are the examples of class 4 verbs in Ruppel?
Hrș; drś; snih
What are the examples of class 6 verbs in Ruppel?
Muc; vid; lup;ksip; likh; viś
What are the guna and vriddhi grades?
It is an a or ā added before another vowel.
How do we form the present stem of class 10 verbal roots?
The (zero/guna/vrddhi - whatever creates a heavy syllable) root has aya added to it. Verbs formed from nouns (denominals) tend to lose their final vowel and add -aya.
What happens to nasals that find themselves between consonants in Sanskrit word formation?
They become a.
EG. Zero root gm to gma becoming Guna gam and in vrddhi gām.
How did e and o form in Sanskrit?
Originally they were ai and au and ai and au as we have them now were āi and āu. This is why e and o are also COMPLEX vowels.
Why is the guna/vrddhi of i/u
ay/e/āy/ai and av/o/āv/au respectively?
It is due to the original form of e/o as ai/au. The i/u in these turns into y/v before a vowel. This is true also for vrddhi where the sounds have not changed as much.
Thus e/ai and o/au comes before a consonant and ay/āy and av/āv before a vowel
What are the examples of class 10 verbal roots in Ruppel?
Pūj, cur and denominals kath and cint
How do we form the causative in Sanskrit?
Take a non-class 10 verb and strengthen the root to heavy and add aya. Roots ending in ā add a p before the addition of aya.
NO CAUSATIVES of class 10 verbs are formed. An alternative stem is used with a similar meaning.
What are the examples of causative formations in Ruppel?
Viś - veśayati
Drś - darśayati
Bhr - bhārayati
Sthā - sthāpayati
Why are the present stem forms of nī and bhū (class 1)
Naya- and Bhava-?
These roots end in i/ī/u/ū
Standard guna/vrddhi happens only if they are followed by a consonant (originally these vowels were ai/āi/au/āu and the development to e/o only occurred before a consonant. If no consonant then they became ay/āy/av/āv, as you would expect given their earlier form.
