Internal sandhi Flashcards
What is nati
After vocalic r and r and ș, n turns into ņ unless the n is followed by a stop, is at the end of a word, or ș/ś or a dental, palatal or retroflex stop intervenes between the two sounds.
What happens to roots that end in stops in internal sandhi when they meet a suffix that starts with a t?
They change to become more similar to the t (ie. voiceless and unaspirated). Palatals become velars (gutterals)
Muc>muktvā
Chid>chintvā
Yuj>yuktvā
What is the exception to standard internal sandhi before t?
Buddha Sandhi-
If root ends in voiced aspirated stop then the t of the suffix becomes dh and the aspirated consonant before it loses its aspiration
Budh > buddhvā
Labh > labdhvā
Dah> dagdha- many final h are archaic gh and behave like gh before a consonant.
What is the internal sandhi of ś+t?
Ś becomes ș and t becomes ț
Drś>drșța/drșțvā
What is the internal sandhi of a nasal before t?
The nasal becomes n (more generally word internal nasals assimilate to the following stop and before consonants that are not stops (y/r/l etc) they become anusvara.
What is the ruki rule on the retroflexion of s?
Immediately after r,k or any vowel other than a/ā, s>ș - even if that intervening vowel is followed by anusvara or visarga UNLESS that s is at the end of the word or followed by r.
RUKI = r,u,k,i/ī(u/ū etc.)
What happens to similar/same vowels that meet in internal sandhi?
They merge. Eg i/ī+i/ī = ī
What happens to i/ī u/ū before dissimilar vowel in internal sandhi?
They become y or v respectively. Vi+apa+nī = vyapanayati - he/she/it leads away
What happens to a/ā followed by a dissimilar vowel?
Both vowels merge and change eg a/ā+i/ī = e
What happens to final m in preverbs before a consonant?
It becomes anusvara.
What happens to voiced consonants that meet unvoiced consonants in internal sandhi?
It loses its voice eg ud + sthā = uttisthati
