Noun and adjective Formation Flashcards
What change happens to the verbal root if you add a/ā to form a simple noun or adjective?
The root takes Guna.
Guna+a/ā
Likh-Lekha/vid-veda/snih-sneha/budh-bodha/hrs-harsa/hr-hara/hāra
These nouns are mostly masculine, but can also be neuter
What happens to the verbal root if you add -ana- to form adjectives and nouns?
It takes Guna.
Eg. Muc-mocana-, vac-vacana,
Shubh-shobhana, loc-Locana
Mostly NEUTER. As adjectives, mostly found as the FINAL MEMBER of a compound.
What happens to a verbal root when -tra- is added to form an instrument noun?
It takes Guna.
Eg. Sās-sāstra (instrument of instruction), sas-sastra - instrument of cutting (knife). Man-mantra - instrument of thinking, nī-Netra - instrument of sight, hence eye. Pat-patra - instrument for flying, a wing!
What happens to a NOUN or ADJECTIVE after -tva- is added to form an abstract noun?
Nothing. The suffix is simply added.
Eg. Nara-naratva, manhood, humanity, deva-devatva, godhood, divinity, but also a specific god, guru-gurutva, ‘being a teacher, teacherhood. Adjectives are better translated with ‘ness’ - abuddha, fool to abuddhatva foolishness.
What is a vriddhi derivative?
What happens if ya is added to a noun or adjective without vrddhi?
A noun or adjective derived from another noun by putting the first vowel of that word into vrddhi. They take multiple endings a/ya/tra/ana
They mean belonging to, well versed in, or deriving from. Eg. Pura - city - paura - citizen (someone that belongs to the city).
If the original noun is not an a stem, it frequently becomes one. Often final a becomes ya. Veda, vaidya - one who belongs to knowledge - a doctor. Sena gives sainya, a soldier, one who belongs to an army. From mitra, friend, we get maitra/maitrya/maitrī. All mean friendship.
These denote inhabitants of places: naishada - from Nishada, Nishadan, -also an epithet of Nala in the famous tale. Damayanti is likewise Vaidarbhī (from Vidarbha) an also mean children or or a descendent of eg. Pāndava from Pandu (again a non a stem becomes a stem in the derivative).
-ya is used without VRDDHI mostly to turn nouns into adjectives and VICE VERSA: abala, weak, becomes abalya- weakness.
What happens when you add a to the Guna of a verbal root?
Forms nouns and adjectives.
What happens when you add ya to a noun or adjective with or without vrddhi?
Forms derivative adjectives mostly (mukhya - ‘main’ - from mukh - ‘head’). Sometimes forms nouns from adjectives.
What happens when ana is added to a verbal root in Guna?
Forms adjectives and neuter nouns. Vac-vacana
What happens when you put a noun/adjective in vrddhi and add a/ya and sometimes other endings?
You get a derivative meaning ‘having to do with X’.
What happens when you add tra to a verbal root with Guna?
You get an instrument nouns eg. Pattra from Pat, fly.
What happens when you add tva to a noun or adjective?
It forms an abstract neuter noun.
What happens when you add tā to a noun or adjective?
You get a feminine abstract noun.
