Absolutive and Ta-participle

Question 1

How are absolutives and ta-participles formed?

Answer 1

zero grade root + tvā or ta

Question 2

Why is the absolutive of gam gatvā

Answer 2

GM+tvā=gmtvā=nasal between two consonants=gatvā

Question 3

How are absolutives of verbs with preverbs formed?

Answer 3

They add tya with short vowels and ya in all other cases.

Question 4

Are ta-participles active or passive?

Answer 4

Mostly passive, but active with intransitive verbs (any verb that does not take a direct object -basically one you can’t sensibly form into a passive sense eg. It was gone by him.

Question 5

What are the key irregularities of some verbs ending in a consonant before suffixes that start with a t?

Answer 5

Some add i before the suffix eg. Patita/patitvā

Question 6

What happens to causatives and class x verbs when they form an absolutive/ta-participle (or infinitive)?

Answer 6

They add -ayitvā or -ayitum. For ta participles they add only ta and retain their strengthening:
So, pat (1) gets an i (irreg) for its indicative absolutive and ta-participle patitvā/patita and its causatives from pātayati are pātita- and pātayitvā (and inf pātayitum). NOTE THE STEM STAYS HEAVY and keeps any strengthening.

Question 7

What are the three ways the ta participle is mostly used?

Answer 7

1. Attributive - dūtam muktamay paśyāmi - I see the messenger who has been freed
2. Substantivised - muktām paśyāmi - I see the woman who has been freed (lit. Having been freed feminine one)
3. Instead of a finite verb - Puram drșțam - the city was seen
   NB usages 1/2 common with ALL participles

Question 8

What cases are the agent of a passive construction in?

Answer 8

Instrumental or Genitive

Question 9

How is the infinitive formed?

Answer 9

Guna + tum
Causative/class 10 w/ itum (final a of aya dropped)
Used with verbs such as icchati - nagram gantum icchāmi - I want to go to the city.