Preschool and Formal Education Experiences; Work and Career Experiences; Endings

Question 1

Elementary School: Social Promotion

Answer 1

• practice of promoting children to the next grade even when they have not met the academic standards

Question 2

Elementary School: Grade Retention

Answer 2

• practice of holding children back

Question 3

Elementary School: Grade Retention

Answer 3

• practice of holding children back instead of performing social promotion

Question 4

Grade Retention Reasons (4)

Answer 4

• frequent unexcused absences
• uninvolved parents or parents with substance abuse
• cognitive and social immaturity
• extra year will produce successful academic outcomes where they do meet academic standards for the next year

Question 5

Grade Retention Outcomes (5)

Answer 5

• don’t fare as well as socially promoted students
• poor performance in reading and math
• still have poor school attendance as problem is not solved
• more social and emotional difficulties
• like school less and 2x as likely to drop out of high school

Question 6

Contextual Influences on Motivation: Parents (3)

Answer 6

• parents’ belief and attitudes about about ability: parents with fixed mindset influence child’s mindset and vice versa
• availability of opportunities and resources: parents with fixed mindset may not provide opportunities or acknowledge
• low SES families also unable to provide opportunities due to lower resources (extra-curricular, tutoring)

Question 7

Career Development: Parental Influences on Vocational Change (3)

Answer 7

• influence level of education and educational attainment
• parents current occupation is exposed to child
• parents serve as role models in value of education, feelings about certain types of occupation, and feelings of work in general

Question 8

Work-Like Balance: Paid vs. Unpaid Word (3)

Answer 8

• paid work that is done outside the home
• unpaid work is done at home to take care of family members and the household (woman perform 17.5h weekly, while men perform 10.5 despite both doing paid work, causing stress on relationships)
• less discrepancy in unpaid work in lesbian and gay couples and no gender signifies primary and secondary caretaker

Question 9

Mortality (2)

Answer 9

• overall mortality rates across ages declined significantly between 1935 and 2010
• risks of dying has especially plummeted for infants and young children

Question 10

Leading Causes of Death (Early 1900s; 2)

Answer 10

• most children died from pneumonia, flu and tuberculosis

- decreased rate in motility is largely due to advances in medicine

Question 11

Neonatal

Answer 11

• first month of life

Question 12

Post Neonatal

Answer 12

• next 11 months of life after neonatal

Question 13

Leading Cause of Death: Infants (1yo; 3)

Answer 13

• 1: genetic abnormalities
• 2: complications with being a premature babies
• 3: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 14

Leading Cause of Death: Children (2-11yo; 2)

Answer 14

• 1: accidents

- 2: homicide, from child abuse

Question 15

Leading Cause of Death in Adolescence (3)

Answer 15

• 1: accidents (car or boat, etc)
• 2: unintentional poisoning; drug overdose
• start seeing suicide as cause of death

Question 16

Bereavement in Childhood (5)

Answer 16

• influenced by deceased’s role in their life; more affected if pass away is close to child
• affected by child’s developmental level and understanding of the nature of death
• often experience guilt and wonder if they caused death, especially in younger children who does not understand how a person dies
• usually experience grief for their parents for a longer period of time than do other adults; loss has significant effect on development
• strive to maintain connection with diseased parent by talking to them or holding onto a symbolic item