Five Principles of Lifespan Human Development

Question 1

Psychoanalytic Theories (2)

Answer 1

• development and behaviour are result of interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts we are unaware of and cannot control
• behaviour is internally motivated

Question 2

Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory (2)

Answer 2

• behaviour is driven by unconscious impulses outside our awareness
• we all need physical gratification which drives our behaviour
• describes how babies are inherently at different stages, where the concentration is oral, anal, phallic, latent, and back to genitals

Question 3

Psychoanalytic Theories: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (3)

Answer 3

• role of social world, society, and culture in shaping development
• behaviour is grounded in our relationship with others and how we see ourself against others
• describes how babies learn to trust and become functioning adults due to their surroundings

Question 4

Behaviourist Theories (2)

Answer 4

• development and behaviour influenced by physical and social environment
• completely influenced by external environment, examine only observable behaviour

Question 5

Behaviourist Theories: Operant Conditioning

Answer 5

• behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on consequence

Question 6

Behaviourist Theories: Bandura’s Social Learning Theories (2)

Answer 6

• people actively process information

- thoughts and feelings influence behaviour

Question 7

Bandura’s Social Learning Theories: Observational Theory

Answer 7

• people learn through observing and imitating models

Question 8

Bandura’s Social Learning Theories: Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 8

• individuals and environment interact and influence each other

Question 9

Behaviourist Theories: Classical Conditioning

Answer 9

• person or animal comes to associate environmental stimuli with physiological responses

Question 10

Cognitive Theories (2)

Answer 10

• development and behaviour are result of thought or cognition
• motivated by how we think and understand things

Question 11

Cognitive Theories: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory (2)

Answer 11

• children and adults are active explorers of world and sort & organize new info and go through stages of cognitive development
• organization of learning results in cognitive schemas or concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with world

Question 12

Cognitive Theories: Information Processing Theory (2)

Answer 12

• view thinking as information processing so mind works similar to a computer
• information enters brain and is manipulated, stored, recalled, and used to solve problems later

Question 13

Sociocultural Systems Theories (2)

Answer 13

• emphasizes role of sociocultural context in development

- people are inseparable from cultural beliefs and societal, neighbourhood, and familial contexts where they live

Question 14

Sociocultural Systems Theories: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Systems Theory

Answer 14

• examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction

Question 15

Sociocultural Systems Theories: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory (3)

Answer 15

• addresses both role of individual and individual’s social interactions as individuals are surrounded by series of sociocultural contexts
• motivated by multiple environments where we exist exist (directly by people and indirectly by cultural beliefs and politics)
• development believed to be result of interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within a person and changing context

Question 16

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory: Individual (2)

Answer 16

• sex, age, health

- level 1

Question 17

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory: Microsystem

Answer 17

• level 2

- family, peers, school, church, health services

Question 18

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory: Mesosystem (2)

Answer 18

• level 3

- explains relation between microsystem and exosystem

Question 19

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory: Exosystem (2)

Answer 19

• level 4

- industry, mass media, neighbours, social services, local politics

Question 20

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory: Macrosystem (2)

Answer 20

• attitudes and ideologies of culture

Question 21

Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theories

Answer 21

• applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand development
• genetic programs and biological predispositions interact with physical and social environment to influence development
• motivated by interactions of genetics and environment in evolution process