Prep Work for Year 2 GI

Question 1

What is Cholecystitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of Gallbladder

Question 2

What is Cholelithiasis?

Answer 2

Gallstones (within gallbladder)

Question 3

What is Cholecystectomy?

Answer 3

Removal of gallbladder

Question 4

What is Cholangitis?

Answer 4

Infection of bile duct

Question 5

What are the anatomical divisions of the gallbladder and where is it found?

Answer 5

Found laying against inferior surface of right lobe of liver

Divisions: fundus, body, neck

Question 6

How is the gallbladder connected to the common bile duct?

Answer 6

Cystic duct (2.5cm in length)

Question 7

What cells make up the gallbladder?

Answer 7

Columnar epithelial lining

Question 8

Where does the common bile duct meet the GI, and what controls this opening?

Answer 8

At the major duodenum papilla (Ampulla of Vater)

Sphincter of Oddi controls opening

Question 9

What components form bile?

Answer 9

Bile salts (emulsifiers- cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid)
Bile Pigments (bilirubin)
Bicarb, cholesterol, phospholipids

Question 10

Where is bile formed, and how?

Answer 10

By hepatocytes from cholesterol

Question 11

How is bile secreted and stored in both digestive and inter-digestive periods?

Answer 11

Interdigestive period- Bile is created by liver via parasympathetic vagal impulse, sphincter of Oddi is contracted and closed, bile secretion from liver can’t enter duodenum and backflows into gallbladder due to pressure. Epithelial cells in gallbladder absorb water and electrolytes, concentrating bile.
Digestive Period- Amino acids and fatty acids enter duodenum and stimulate endocrine cells to release cholecystokinin into blood which stimulates contraction of gallbladder via vagus nerve and relaxes sphincter of Oddi. Acidic chyme entering duodenum also stimulates secretion of secretin into blood acting on liver to enhance flow of bile rich HCO3 from liver. The bicarb release in liver stimulates bile production