Prenatal / Normal Pregnancy Flashcards
When is APGAR measured
1 and 5 minutes
purpose of APGAR score
identify infants who require immediate medical attention
APGAR acronym
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace -response to irritable stimuli, reflex irritability
Activity - extremity movement, muscle tone
Respiration
Q 31 Apgar scoring system
memorize :)
what apgar score indicates excellent condition
7-10
what apgar score indicates moderately depressed
4-6
what apgar score indicates severely depression
0-3
What are the risk factors for low Apgar scores?
Premature birth, cesarean delivery, and perinatal complications
Dizygotic twins
refers to fertilization of two separate ova during a single ovulatory period
monozygotic twins
refers to a single fertilized ovum that separates into two fetuses
RF for dizygotic twins
fertility-enhancing treatments, increasing maternal age, increasing parity, family history of dizygotic twinning, and increased maternal weight and height are associated with an increased prevalence of dizygotic twins
RF for monozygotic twins
UNKNOWN :)
Chorionicity
Refers to the number of chorionic (outer) membranes surrounding the fetuses
amnionicity
refers to the number of amnions (inner) membranes that surround the fetuses
Complications associated with multiple gestation
increased risk of preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, discordant growth, and increased risk of congenital anomalies
MC complication of multiple gestations
premature birth
Discordant growth
significant difference in birth weight between the heaviest and lightest infant of a multiple birth pregnancy and is associated with an increased risk of neonatal mortality, particularly when discordance is > 30%
in what type of twins are congenital malformations MC
monozygotic twins
what type of multiple gestation pregnancies are at increased risk of discordant growth and twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Monochorionic twin pregnancies and dichorionic triplet pregnancies
because the fetuses share a common placenta
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
occurs when vascular arteriovenous anastomoses form, leading to unbalanced blood flow between the donor twin and the recipient twin
Recipient twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome
The recipient twin will have polyhydramnios and an enlarged umbilical cord, abdominal circumference, kidneys, and bladder. The recipient twin will also be at risk for thrombosis or hyperbilirubinemia secondary to polycythemia, cardiomegaly, tricuspid regurgitation, and hydrops fetalis
Donor twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome
The donor twin will have oligohydramnios and is at risk for severe intrauterine growth restriction, anemia, hypovolemia, kidney insufficiency, and pulmonary hypoplasia
True or false: the volume of milk production by mothers of twins is consistently twice that of mothers of singletons
True
Twins: If the egg splits 0–3 days after fertilization
it will result in dichorionic, diamniotic twins