Prenatal Development Flashcards
What type of study involves following individuals over a long period of time?
Longitudinal study
What is a longitudinal study?
One that involves following an individual over a long period of time
What type of study involves comparing different age groups at the same time?
Cross-sectional study
What is a cross-sectional study?
One that involves studying different age groups at the same time
Which research method involves observing a subject in a natural location?
Naturalistic observation
What is naturalistic observation?
Observing a subject in a natural environment
Which study method involves both direct observation and interviewing?
Case study
What is a case study?
A research method that involves both direct observation and interviewing subjects
Which research method involves administering surveys, often anonymously?
Survey/Interview
What is a survey/interview?
Research method that involves asking questions about attitudes, opinions, and frequency of certain behaviors
Which research method involves using statistics to evaluate the relationship between 2 variables?
Correlational research
What is correlational research?
Research method that involves using statistics to determine the strength and direction of relationship between 2 variables
Which research method involves controlling the setting and manipulating variables?
Experiment
What is an experiment?
Research method in which the researcher controls the setting and manipulates a factor that is believed to have some influence
Transvaginal ultrasound
When a transducer is placed in the vagina, most often in early pregnancy
Transabdominal ultrasound
When the transducer is moved over the abdomen
Specialized sonographic evaluation
More detailed evaluation when an abnormality is known or suspected
3D ultrasound
2-dimensional display of 3-dimensional data. Can help detect facial abnormalities or neural tube defects
Doppler ultrasound
Measures slight changes as waves bounce off of moving objects, like blood cells. Provides details about blood flow
Fetal echocardiography
Provides a detailed picture of a baby’s heart. Helps confirm or rule out congenital heart defect
When a transducer is placed in the vagina, most often in early pregnancy
Transvaginal ultrasound
When the transducer is moved over the abdomen
Transabdominal ultrasound
More detailed ultrasound evaluation when an abnormality is known or suspected
Specialized sonographic evaluation
2-dimensional display of 3-dimensional data. Can help detect facial abnormalities or neural tube defects
3D ultrasound
Measures slight changes as waves bounce off of moving objects, like blood cells. Provides details about blood flow
Doppler ultrasound
Provides a detailed picture of a baby’s heart. Helps confirm or rule out congenital heart defect
Fetal echocardiography
Organogenesis
When and how the organs develop
When and how the organs develop
Organogenesis
Anything that causes a birth defect, and can influence the development of a baby
Teratogen
Teratogen
Anything that causes a birth defect, and can influence the development of a baby
What does amniotic fluid do?
Protects the fetus from injury, protects against infection, allows the baby to move and develop properly, controls the temperature.
What substance protects the fetus from injury, protects against infection, allows the baby to move and develop properly, controls the temperature.
Amniotic fluid
What does the amniotic sac do?
Helps protect from injury and regulate temperature
What is amnion?
Membrane that covers the fetal side of the placenta
This is the membrane that covers the fetal side of the placenta
Amnion
This is filled with amniotic fluid and amnion, and helps protect from injury and regulate temperature
Amniotic sac
Placenta
Provides metabolic interchanges between mother and fetus
This provides metabolic interchanges between mother and fetus
Placenta
This connects the fetus to the placenta
Umbilical cord
What does the umbilical cord do?
This connects the fetus to the placenta
What blood vessels are in the umbilical cord?
2 arteries and a vein
What is ectopic pregnancy?
When the pregnancy starts in the fallopian tube
What is it called when the pregnancy starts in the fallopian tube?
Ectopic pregnancy
When is amniocentesis usually done?
Between weeks 15 and 20
What can amniocentesis check for?
Genetic diseases, neural tube defects, Rh disease
When is Chorionic Villus Sampling usually done?
Between weeks 10 and 12
What does CVS stand for?
Chorionic Villus Sampling
What can CVS check for?
Genetic and chromosome testing in the first trimester
Which prenatal diagnostic test could cause limb defects?
CVS
Which period is the first 2 weeks after conception?
Germinal
When is the germinal period?
First 2 weeks after conception
Which period is 2-8 weeks after conception?
Embryonic
When is the embryonic period?
2-8 weeks after conception
Which period is 2-9 months after conception?
Fetal
When is the fetal period?
2-9 months after conception
What is vernix?
Milky substance that protects the fetus
What is the milky substance that protects the fetus?
Vernix
What is lanugo?
Fine hairs that protect the fetus
What are fine hairs that protect the fetus?
Lanugo
What 3 things determine the effects a teratogen will have?
Gestational age when it’s introduced, amount that is introduced, how susceptible the mother or child are to the teratogen
What is stage I of childbirth?
Early labor and active labor
What is stage II of childbirth?
Delivery of baby
What is stage III of childbirth?
Delivery of placenta
What do analgesics do?
Relieve pain
What are examples of analgesics?
Narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers
What does anesthesia do?
Blocks the sensation of pain
What do oxytocics do?
Synthetic hormones that stimulate contractions
What are synthetic hormones that stimulate contractions?
Oxytocics
How long does the postpartum period last?
About 6 weeks
What is involution?
The return of the uterus to its normal size
What term describes the return of the uterus to its normal size?
Involution
What helps speed up involution?
Breastfeeding
What is Lamaze?
Breathing techniques and education to relieve pain and control fear
What technique involves breathing exercises and education to relieve pain and control fear?
Lamaze
How long and frequent are contractions in early labor?
30-45 seconds, 5-30 minutes apart
How long and frequent are contractions in active labor?
45-60 seconds, 3-5 minutes apart
How long does early labor last?
8-12 hours
How long does active labor last?
3-5 hours
How long does delivery last?
20 minutes - 2 hours
How long does delivery of the placenta last?
5-10 minutes
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
When you may behave differently just because you know you’re in a study
What is it called when you behave differently just because you know you’re in a study?
Hawthorne Effect
What is is called when parents provide both the genetic predisposition and a nurturing environment for a child to develop a certain trait?
Passive Genotype-Environment Interaction
What is it called when the parents provide a genetic disposition to the child that causes them to then evoke a certain reaction in others?
Evocative Genotype-Environment Interaction
What is it called when parents provide a genetic disposition to the child that results in them actively seeking environmental conditions that foster certain qualities?
Active Genotype-Environment Interaction
When are the arteries and veins of the heart complete?
7-8 weeks, end of the first trimester
What happens in the germinal period?
Zygote is created and attaches to the uterine wall
What happens during the embryonic period?
Layers of cells are formed, which will later develop into organs
What happens during the fetal period?
Major growth and development
How long and how much does the fetus weigh after the first trimester?
3 inches and 1 ounce
How long and how much does the fetus weigh after the second trimester?
14 inches and 1 pound
How long and how much does the fetus weigh after the third trimester?
19 inches and 6-7 pounds
When can we tell the gender of a fetus?
12 weeks
