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Developmental Psychology > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average age of pubertal growth spurt for boys?

A

12.5

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2
Q

What is the average age of spermarche for boys?

A

13.5

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3
Q

What is the average age of the end of growth for boys?

A

17-18

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4
Q

What is the average age of pubertal growth spurt for girls?

A

10

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5
Q

What is the average of menarche for girls?

A

12.5

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6
Q

What is the average age of the end of growth for girls?

A

16

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7
Q

What are the consequences of being an early maturing girl?

A

Early maturing girls are at risk for a number of social, behavioral, and self-image problems like depression, eating disorders, and early sexual activity

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8
Q

What are the consequences of being an early maturing boy?

A

Early maturing boys are more likely to have better peer relations and a positive body image, since they receive positive attention from both boys and girls for being tall and strong.
Some boys have signs of anxiety and risky behavior, but not full-fledged disorders

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9
Q

What are the consequences of being a late maturing girl?

A

Late-maturing girls have not been identified for being at risk for major problems, although these individuals may feel annoyed or left out due to being behind their peers regarding sexual development.

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10
Q

What are the consequences of being a late maturing boy?

A

Late-maturing boys may be at-risk for problem behaviors if their appearance and behavior, paired with an unsympathetic and bullying school situation, results in their being rejected by their peers.

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11
Q

What does a profile of someone with anorexia look like?

A

People with anorexia nervosa are more likely to come from middle- to upper-class families that are highly controlling. It is common for there to be other individuals with this disorder in the family. Also, individuals with AN are more likely to be very perfectionistic and tightly controlling of their own behaviors. Younger and more perfectionistic individuals are more likely to develop anorexia.

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12
Q

What does a profile of someone with bulimia look like?

A

Bulimia nervosa may also run in families. However, these individuals are more likely to be impulsive and engage in other reckless behaviors. Research has found connections between bulimia and depressive disorders, indicating a possible biochemical problem. Older and more impulsive individuals are more likely to develop bulimia.

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13
Q

What are the health consequences of anorexia?

A

Anorexia can be fatal, and it is the deadliest mental disorder. Anorexia damages all major organs, and heart problems can linger for the rest of the individual’s life. Nutritional deficiencies also affect the brain and bones. Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation) is also common.

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14
Q

What are the health consequences of bulimia?

A

While bulimia nervosa is less costly from a health standpoint, it can result in heart failure and stomach rupture. More benign consequences are from purging behaviors, which can noticeably affect cheeks and hands. However, consequences of bulimia are less noticeable than the consequences of anorexia, particularly since many bulimic individuals are of normal weight or are overweight (purging is an inefficient means of losing weight).

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15
Q

How does formal operational thought compare to concrete operational thought?

A

Individuals in formal operations are more likely to be able to engage in abstract and hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

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16
Q

Describe the pendulum problem.

A

In the pendulum problem, Piaget would test students’ success at thinking logically and systematically through what causes a pendulum to swing more rapidly. The adolescents are expected to come up with a hypothesis and then systematically test it.

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17
Q

What are Garbarino’s suggestions for how to help troubled boys?

A

Some recommendations include: encourage and teach empathy, shelter boys from abuse as well as harmful media, encourage spirituality and meaning in life.

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18
Q

Describe the two courses/patterns of juvenile delinquency.

A

The first course is adolescence-limited, which is more common and benign. In this course, teens engage in delinquent behavior but become more responsible as adults.

The second course is life-course persistent, which is more problematic. Often times, this path is caused by biological and social factors that started before adolescence and continued throughout adolescence.

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19
Q

What are common symptoms of adolescent depression?

A

Some common emotional symptoms are sadness, frustration, anger, irritability, and feeling hopeless. Loss of interest in usual activities, low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, self-blame, and self-criticism are also emotional symptoms of depression.

Behaviorally, a child might exhibit low energy, insomnia, oversleeping, unusual changes to appetite, and restlessness. In addition, a child might start to perform poorly in school performance, act out, pay less attention to hygiene or appearance, and engage in self-harm.

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20
Q

What are the gender differences in suicide patterns?

A

Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, while boys are more likely to complete it.

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21
Q

When does breast growth usually occur?

A

Between 8-13

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22
Q

What is a secular trend?

A

Something that affects most members of a society

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23
Q

Why has the age of menarche dropped since the early 20th century?

A

Access to more food in modernized countries causes this to happen sooner

24
Q

When does growth of the testes and scrotal sac occur?

A

Between 9.5-13.5

25
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

26
Q

What is leptin?

A

A protein stored in fat cells, thought to be associated with GnRH

27
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Body heat
Water levels
Nutrient levels
Glands and hormones involved in sexual behavior

28
Q

What happens in step 1 of the domino effect?

A

Pre-pubertal growth spurt causes a certain threshold of body fat, which causes the hypothalamus to ramp up GnRH production. GnRH is sent to the pituitary.

29
Q

What happens in step 2 of the domino effect?

A

When GnRH reaches the pituitary, it is stimulated to produce gonadotropins

30
Q

What are the 2 main gonadotropins?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

31
Q

What does FSH stand for and what does it do?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone, it stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles and aids in sperm production

32
Q

What does LH stand for and what does it do?

A

Luteinizing hormone, it triggers the production of sex hormones into the bloodstream

33
Q

What are the 2 main types of sex hormones?

A

Androgens and estrogens

34
Q

What is step 3 of the domino effect?

A

Sex hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, like breast development, pubic hair, and testicular growth

35
Q

Who has more of each sex hormone?

A

Males has more androgens and females have more estrogens

36
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

When puberty happens at earlier ages

37
Q

What is the Maudsley Approach?

A

A form of family therapy for anorexia that enlists the parents’ aid in getting their children to eat again. Early on, the clinician and family share a picnic in order to evaluate meal patterns. In weekly sessions progress is evaluated. Children’s independence is strengthened and 2/3 of patients get back to normal weight

38
Q

What are 2 bulimia treatments?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal psychotherapy

39
Q

When does bulimia typically develop?

A

Age 16-19

40
Q

When does anorexia typically develop?

A

Earlier in adolescence

41
Q

What are 2 other changes in thinking that Piaget did not account for in his Formal Operational theory?

A

Changes in humor and the imaginary audience, which is the fact that many adolescents think people are watching them, and may have an impact on self-esteem or self-consciousness

42
Q

What were the 4 hypotheses Piaget expected children with hypothetico-deductive reasoning to cycle through?

A

Length of the string
Weight of the object
How high the object is raised
How forcefully it’s pushed

43
Q

When and where does the second period of overproduction occur?

A

Age 11-12, concentrated in the frontal lobe.

44
Q

How do judgment and decision making change in adolescence?

A

It shifts from the limbic system (emotion center) to the frontal lobe.

45
Q

What are the implications of the shift of judgment and decision making from the limbic system to the frontal lobe?

A

It may explain impulse control and emotion regulation in adolescents.

46
Q

When is brain development thought to be complete?

A

By about 30. Studies continually show that brain development takes longer than what we once thought.

47
Q

How do myelination and pruning factor into adolescence?

A

Pruning continues throughout the teens and into the 20s. Myelination, is complete by the end of adolescence. Therefore, cognitive processing is also faster at that time.

48
Q

Which theorist and stage did James Marcia base his identity statuses on?

A

Erikson’s Identity vs. Identity Confusion stage

49
Q

What are the 2 criteria within each identity status?

A

Crisis/exploration and commitment

50
Q

What are the 4 identity statuses?

A

Identity diffusion
Identity moratorium
Identity foreclosure
Identity achievement

51
Q

Describe identity diffusion

A

No crisis, no commitment. Lost and floundering, akin to Erikson’s Identity Confusion. May be harmful and lead to apathy in the future.

52
Q

Describe identity moratorium

A

In crisis/exploration but no commitment. Exploring and considering (like an academic major) but have not yet decided

53
Q

Describe identity foreclosure

A

No crisis/exploration, but committed. May have made a premature decision based on what someone told them. May be harmful, leading to inflexible thinking patterns

54
Q

Describe identity achievement

A

Has gone through crisis/exploration and is committed. Often has high self-esteem, and more likely to have an internal locus of control

55
Q

What is an internal locus of control

A

Feeling like you’re in charge of your own destiny

56
Q

According to Garbarino, what are some causes for delinquency in boys?

A

Failure to develop secure attachment, which can lead to stunted development and lack of empathy
Depression
Abandonment by a parent, which can lower self-esteem and leave lasting damage

Developmental Psychology (8 decks)

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